Zus Ratulangi
Emilia Agustina Pangalila Ratulangi (23 July 1922 – 15 February 2025) was an Indonesian-Dutch psychiatrist, pediatrician, politician, and independence activist. She was the daughter of Sam Ratulangi. Early life and education Zus was born in Bandung on 23 July 1922, to a Minahasan father and a European mother. Her father was Sam Ratulangi, and her mother was Emilie Suzanne Houtman. During her childhood, Sam Ratulangi divorced Emilie, resulting in Zus being raised by her father. Zus then studied at the ''Ika Daigaku'' (now the ). She graduated from the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Indonesia in 1948. After the transfer of sovereignty, Zus took part in the selection test for a U.S. scholarship. Out of 32 applicants, only three were accepted, including Zus. She received a two-year United States scholarship. After receiving the scholarship, she moved to the United States. Upon arrival, her Indonesian diploma was not recognized, and she had to enroll in a graduate progr ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Central Indonesian National Committee
The Central Indonesian National Committee (, KNIP), also known as the Central National Committee (, KNP), was a body appointed to assist the president of the newly independent Indonesia. Originally purely advisory, it later gained assumed legislative functions. The Working Committee of the KNIP became part of the People's Representative Council when Indonesia became a unitary state in 1950. Pre-independence bodies The Japanese Dutch East Indies campaign, invaded Indonesia in 1942. By 1943 the tide had turned against them, and in order to encourage support for the war effort, the Japanese appointed Indonesian advisors () to the administration and appointed nationalist leader Sukarno leader of a new Central Advisory Council, Central Advisory Board () in Jakarta. In March 1945, the Japanese established the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence () or BPUPK, chaired by Radjiman Wediodiningrat, with Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta, Hatta and Thamrin among its members. ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the world's countries participated, with many nations mobilising all resources in pursuit of total war. Tanks in World War II, Tanks and Air warfare of World War II, aircraft played major roles, enabling the strategic bombing of cities and delivery of the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, first and only nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II is the List of wars by death toll, deadliest conflict in history, causing World War II casualties, the death of 70 to 85 million people, more than half of whom were civilians. Millions died in genocides, including the Holocaust, and by massacres, starvation, and disease. After the Allied victory, Allied-occupied Germany, Germany, Allied-occupied Austria, Austria, Occupation of Japan, Japan, a ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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1922 Births
Events January * January 7 – Dáil Éireann (Irish Republic), Dáil Éireann, the parliament of the Irish Republic, ratifies the Anglo-Irish Treaty by 64–57 votes. * January 10 – Arthur Griffith is elected President of Dáil Éireann, the day after Éamon de Valera resigns. * January 11 – The first successful insulin treatment of diabetes is made, by Frederick Banting in Toronto. * January 15 – Michael Collins (Irish leader), Michael Collins becomes Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State. * January 26 – Italian forces occupy Misrata, Italian Libya, Libya; the Pacification of Libya, reconquest of Libya begins. February * February 6 ** Pope Pius XI (Achille Ratti) succeeds Pope Benedict XV, to become the 259th pope. ** The Washington Naval Treaty, Five Power Naval Disarmament Treaty is signed between the United States, United Kingdom, Empire of Japan, Japan, French Third Republic, France and Kingdom of Italy, Italy. Japan returns some ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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2025 Deaths
The following notable deaths occurred in 2025. Names are reported under the date of death, in alphabetical order. A typical entry reports information in the following sequence: * Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent nationality (if applicable), what subject was noted for, cause of death (if known), and a reference. June 17 16 * Nikolay Krasnikov, 40, Russian ice speedway rider, traffic collision. *, 89, Chilean actress and actors' rights activist. * Nellai S. Muthu, 74, Indian novelist. * John Reid, 61, Scottish record producer, singer ( Nightcrawlers) and songwriter. (death announced on this date) * Julio Retamal Favereau, 91, Chilean historian, philosopher and academic, member of the Academia Chilena de la Historia. * Ron Taylor, 87, Canadian baseball player ( St. Louis Cardinals, New York Mets) and team physician (Toronto Blue Jays), four-time World Series champion. (death announced on this date) * Jan Tesař, 92, Czech historian, writer and dissident. ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Minahasa People
The Minahasans or Minahassa are an Austronesian ethnic group native to North Sulawesi province of Indonesia, formerly known as North Celebes. The Minahasa people sometimes refer to themselves as Manado people. Although the Minahasan pre-Christian creation myth entails some form of ethnic unification, before the nineteenth century the Minahasa region was in no way unified. Instead, a number of politically independent groups (walak) existed together, often in a permanent state of conflict.Schouten, M. J. C. 1983. Leadership and social mobility in a Southeast Asian society: Minahasa, 1677 – 1983. Leiden: KITLV Press Minahasans are the most populous ethnic group in the Minahasan peninsula of North Sulawesi, a Christian-majority region in a Muslim-majority country (Indonesia). The indigenous inhabitants of Minahasa are 'Austronesian' people who are the descendants of earlier migrations from further North. Prior to contact with Europeans, people living in the Minahasan peninsula pri ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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University Of Amsterdam Alumni
A university () is an institution of tertiary education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase , which roughly means "community of teachers and scholars". Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. The first universities in Europe were established by Catholic monks. The University of Bologna (), Italy, which was founded in 1088, is the first university in the sense of: *being a high degree-awarding institute. *using the word (which was coined at its foundation). *having independence from the ecclesiastic schools and issuing secular as well as non-secular degrees (with teaching conducted by both clergy and non-clergy): grammar, rhetoric, logic, theology, canon law and notarial law.Hunt Janin: "The university in medieval life, 1179–1499", McFarland, 2008, , p. 55f.de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde''A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Midd ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Indonesian Pediatricians
Indonesian is anything of, from, or related to Indonesia, an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. It may refer to: * Indonesians, citizens of Indonesia ** Native Indonesians, diverse groups of local inhabitants of the archipelago ** Indonesian women, overview of women's history and contemporary situations * Indonesian language (Indonesian: ''Bahasa Indonesia''), the official language of Indonesia ** Indonesian languages, overview of some of the 700 languages spoken in Indonesia ** Indonesian names, customs reflecting the multicultural and polyglot nature of Indonesia * Indonesian culture, a complex of indigenous customs and foreign influences ** Indonesian art, various artistic expressions and artworks in the archipelago ** Indonesian cinema, a struggling and developing industry ** Indonesian literature, literature from Indonesia and Southeast Asia with shared language roots ** Indonesian music, hundreds of forms of traditional and contemporary music ** Indonesian philosophy, ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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University Of Indonesia Alumni
A university () is an institution of tertiary education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase , which roughly means "community of teachers and scholars". Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. The first universities in Europe were established by Catholic monks. The University of Bologna (), Italy, which was founded in 1088, is the first university in the sense of: *being a high degree-awarding institute. *using the word (which was coined at its foundation). *having independence from the ecclesiastic schools and issuing secular as well as non-secular degrees (with teaching conducted by both clergy and non-clergy): grammar, rhetoric, logic, theology, canon law and notarial law.Hunt Janin: "The university in medieval life, 1179–1499", McFarland, 2008, , p. 55f.de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde''A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middl ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Leiden University Alumni
Leiden ( ; ; in English language, English and Archaism, archaic Dutch language, Dutch also Leyden) is a List of cities in the Netherlands by province, city and List of municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality in the Provinces of the Netherlands, province of South Holland, Netherlands. The municipality of Leiden has a population of 127,046 (31 January 2023), but the city forms one densely connected agglomeration with its suburbs Oegstgeest, Leiderdorp, Voorschoten and Zoeterwoude with 215,602 inhabitants. The Statistics Netherlands, Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) further includes Katwijk in the agglomeration which makes the total population of the Leiden urban agglomeration 282,207 and in the larger Leiden urban area also Teylingen, Noordwijk, and Noordwijkerhout are included with in total 365,913 inhabitants. Leiden is located on the Oude Rijn (Utrecht and South Holland), Oude Rijn, at a distance of some from The Hague to its south and some from Amsterdam ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Tondano
Tondano is the capital of Minahasa Regency, mainly in the district of West Tondano (Kecamatan Tondano Barat), in Sulawesi, Indonesia. The city is located in the highlands on the shores of Lake Tondano near Mount Tondano, and enjoys cool temperatures. The city can be reached from Manado around 35 km to the south via Tomohon city, through an eastern route via Kecamatan Tombulu, or through north-east via Airmadidi (the capital of North Minahasa Regency). In Tondano city there is a Manado State University (UNIMA) campus in Tonsaru area, South Tondano. Tondano was the birthplace of Indonesian national hero Doctor Sam Ratulangi, that also the first governor of Sulawesi. Tha name "tondano" in the Minahasa language is called ''toulour'', which means "water people" (''tou'' means people, ''lour'' means body of water). The largest lake in this province located here named after the city, Lake Tondano. Climate Tondano has an elevation moderated tropical rainforest climate A ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Indonesian Red Cross Society
The Indonesian Red Cross Society (, PMI) is a humanitarian organization in Indonesia. It is a member of International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Indonesia is one of the few Muslim-majority countries to use the Red Cross as its symbol. Indonesia is not a strictly faith-based nation. In mid-2013, the Indonesian Red Cross Society had 32,568 people in its Volunteer Corps, 19,294 Individual Volunteers and 893,381 Blood Donor Volunteers, for a total of 945,243 persons, which is recorded as the highest number of volunteers in the world. History The IRCS was created on 17 September 1945, exactly one month after Indonesia's independence."History" . Indonesian Red Cross Society. President or ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Rōmusha
(compare ''corvée''), is a Japanese language word for a "paid conscripted laborer." In English, it usually refers to non-Japanese who were forced to work for the Japanese military during World War II. The U.S. Library of Congress estimates that in Java, between 4 and 10 million ''rōmushas'' were forced to work (often at low pay) by the Japanese military during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) during World War II, many of whom experienced harsh conditions and either died or were stranded far from home. With the term imprecisely defined by both the Japanese and the Allies, estimates of the total number of ''rōmushas'' may include the ''kinrōhōshi'' (English: unpaid forced laborers), native auxiliary forces (such as troops of the Japanese-allied Indonesian volunteer army ''Pembela Tanah Air'' (PETA)), and voluntary transmigrants to other islands in Indonesia.Post, '' The Encyclopedia of Indonesia in the Pacific War '', pages 505, 578-579; Over ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |