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Zengakuren
Zengakuren is a league of university student associations founded in 1948 in Japan. The word is an abridgement of which literally means "All-Japan Federation of Student Self-Government Associations." Notable for organizing protests and marches, Zengakuren has been involved in Japan's anti- Red Purge movement, the anti-military base movement, the Anpo protests against the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, the 1968–1969 Japanese university protests, and the struggle against the construction of Narita Airport. History Zengakuren emerged in the early postwar period as students at Japanese universities established self-governing associations (''jichikai'') in order to protest against perceived fascist remnants in the university system and to organize against proposed tuition hikes. All university students were automatically enrolled in these associations, and dues were automatically deducted from their tuition. In the wake of a failed general strike in 1947, the Japan Communist P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1968–1969 Japanese University Protests
In 1968 and 1969, student protests at several Japanese universities ultimately forced the closure of campuses across Japan. Known as ''daigaku funsō'' (, 'university troubles') or ''daigaku tōsō'' (, 'university struggles'), the protests were part of the worldwide protest cycle in 1968 and the late-1960s Japanese protest cycle, including the Anpo protests of 1970 and the struggle against the construction of Narita Airport. Students demonstrated initially against practical issues in universities and eventually formed the Zenkyōtō in mid-1968 to organize themselves. The Act on Temporary Measures concerning University Management allowed for the dispersal of protesters in 1969. Initially, demonstrations were organized to protest against unpaid internships at the University of Tokyo Medical School. Building on years of student organization and protest, New Left student organizations began occupying buildings around campus. The other main campus where the protests origina ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New Left In Japan
The in Japan refers to a diverse array of 1960s Japanese leftist movements that, like their counterparts in the Western New Left, adopted a more radical political stance compared to the established "Old Left," which in the case of Japan was emblematized by the Japanese Communist Party and Japan Socialist Party. After emerging in the lead-up to the 1960 Anpo protests against the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, the movement grew and diversified before climaxing with the Zenkyōtō movement which barricaded dozens of Japanese universities in 1968–1969. Much like its counterparts in the West, in the 1970s, the Japanese New Left became known for violent internal splits and terrorism, which caused the movement's influence to wane. Origins From 1948, Japan had a powerful, centralized, nationwide student movement thanks to the establishment of Zengakuren (the "All-Japan Federation of Student Self-Government Associations") that same year. However at least initially, Zengakuren remained ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communist League (Japan)
The , sometimes abbreviated ''Kyōsandō'' and better known by its nickname , was a Marxism, Marxist Japanese proto-New Left in Japan, New Left student organization established in December 1958 as a radical splinter group within the nationwide Zengakuren student federation. The organization took its name from the original Communist League (German language, German: ''Bund der Kommunisten'') established in London, England in 1847 under the guidance of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, whence it derived its nickname "The Bund." After successfully seizing control of Zengakuren through a variety of electioneering efforts, the Bund carried out a number of protest activities in the late 1950s and early 1960s, including playing a starring role in the massive Anpo protests, 1960 Anpo protests against the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, before splitting into a number of smaller groups. Although lasting only for a few years, the Bund is widely cited as marking the origins of "New Left"-style st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kaihō-ha
The , usually abbreviated ("Liberation Faction"), was a Japanese radical Marxist group active in the 1960s and 1970s as part of the Japanese New Left. Kaihō-ha had a young workers wing and a student wing. Their student wing was called the . They wore blue helmets when engaging with hand-to-hand combat with other radical groups or the police. Kaihō-ha played a major role in several of the protest movements of the era, including the 1968-69 Japanese university protests and the Sanrizuka Struggle against the construction of Narita Airport. History In 1960, the Zengakuren nationwide student federation dissolved in a series of schisms arising from contentious debates over who was to blame for the failure of the massive Anpo protests to prevent passage of the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty. Hoping to capture a slice of the splintering student movement in Japan, the Japan Socialist Party (JSP) established a new party youth wing, the , usually abbreviated ') to institutionalize the piec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Revolutionary Communist League, National Committee
is a Japanese far-left revolutionary group, often referred to as Chūkaku-ha (, "Central Core Faction") in Japanese. Their main goal is to have Japan, and the entire world, adopt communist policies. Chūkaku-ha rejects imperialism and Stalinism. The group is led by , who became the chairman in 1997. The Japanese National Police Agency reports that as of 2020, 4,700 members are active in Chukaku-ha. History Prehistory of Chūkaku-ha In 1957 a number of dissidents dissatisfied with the direction of the Japan Communist Party (JCP), along with a number of student activists from the Nationwide Zengakuren student federation, formed the Revolutionary Communist League (RCL), usually abbreviated as Kakukyōdō in Japanese. This group was fervently anti-Stalinist, and soon fell under the sway of the charismatic half-blind Trotskyist philosopher Kan'ichi Kuroda. The RCL believed the Stalinist form of communism, which they saw as predominant in Eastern Europe, China, the USSR, and N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sunagawa Struggle
The was a protest movement in Japan, starting in 1955 and continuing until 1957, against the expansion of the U.S. Air Force's Tachikawa Airfield, Tachikawa Air Base into the nearby village of Sunagawa. Taking place at the peak of a growing anti-base movement, "Bloody Sunagawa" is remembered as the most intense and violent of many protests against U.S. military bases in Japan. Origins On May 4, 1955, an official from the Tachikawa branch of the approached the mayor of Sunagawa to inform him of plans to expand the runway of the Tachikawa airfield. The U.S. Air Force had deemed the expansion necessary in order for the runway to accommodate larger, jet-powered bombers. The result of an order from officials of the American-occupied base, the expansion plans would have involved the confiscation of farmland and the eviction of 140 families. Local families formed the and barricaded their lands against government surveyors and their vehicles. Their struggle attracted the attention o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Teruo Takei
was a Japanese literary critic. While a student at the University of Tokyo, he played a central role in the founding of the nationwide student federation Zengakuren, and served as its first chairman. As a literary critic, he was at the forefront of a movement to demand that writers confront their own culpability in wartime collaboration. Early life and education Teruo Takei was born in Yokohama on January 29, 1927. In 1946, he joined the Japanese Communist Party (JCP), which had just become legal under the U.S.-led occupation of Japan. While a student in western history at the University of Tokyo in 1948, he played a key role in the formation of the nationwide student federation Zengakuren, and served as its first chairman. Takei dropped out of university before graduating, in order to focus on activism. In 1950, The JCP issued a criticism of Takei's leadership of Zengakuren, asserting that the emphasis on "flashy" protests was undermining popular support for the party. Takei resp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Red Purge
The was an anticommunist movement in occupied Japan from the late 1940s to the early 1950s.: "From 1947, the Japanese government, supported by MacArthur, unleashed a Red Purge that targeted those Japanese considered to have left-wing views." Carried out by the Japanese government and private corporations with the aid and encouragement of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP), the Red Purge saw tens of thousands of alleged members, supporters, or sympathizers of left-wing groups, especially those said to be affiliated with the Japanese Communist Party, removed from their jobs in government, the private sector, universities, and schools. The Red Purge emerged from rising Cold War tensions and the Red Scare after World War II, and was a significant element within a broader "Reverse Course" in Occupation policies. The Red Purge reached a peak following the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, began to ease after General Douglas MacArthur was replaced as commander of the Occu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bloody May Day (1952)
refers to a violent conflict that took place between protesters and police officers in the Kokyo Gaien National Garden in front of the Imperial Palace in Tokyo, Japan, on May 1, 1952. When a large crowd protesting the U.S.—Japan Security Treaty refused to disband, a bloody melee took place between protesters and police officers. Eventually the police officers opened fire on the crowd, killing 2 and injuring 22 with bullet wounds. Altogether, around 2,300 people (1,500 protesters and 800 police officers) were injured in the fighting. Background After Japan was defeated in World War II, a United States-led military occupation ruled the country for seven years, from 1945 to 1952. As a condition of ending the occupation, Japan was forced to sign the U.S.—Japan Security Treaty which allowed the United States to maintain military forces on Japanese soil. This treaty came into force on April 28, 1952, in tandem with the Treaty of San Francisco, which officially ended World War ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Japanese Communist Party
The is a communist party in Japan. Founded in 1922, it is the oldest political party in the country. It has 250,000 members as of January 2024, making it one of the largest non-governing communist parties in the world. The party is chaired by Tomoko Tamura, who replaced longtime leader Kazuo Shii in January 2024. The JCP, founded in 1922 in consultation with the Comintern, was deemed illegal in 1925 and repressed for the next 20 years, engaging in underground activity. After World War II, the party was legalized in 1945 by the Allied occupation authorities, but its unexpected success in the 1949 general election led to the " Red Purge", in which tens of thousands of actual and suspected communists were fired from their jobs in government, education, and industry. The Soviet Union encouraged the JCP to respond with a violent revolution, and the resulting internal debate fractured the party into several factions. The dominant faction, backed by the Soviets, waged an unsu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Japan Revolutionary Communist League (Revolutionary Marxist Faction)
The Japan Revolutionary Communist League (Revolutionary Marxist Faction) () is a Japanese Trotskyism, Trotskyist revolutionary group, often referred to by the abbreviation Kakumaru-ha (). It is classified as Far-left politics, far-left. History The group's origins lie in its split from the Japanese Communist Party following the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. The dissenting factions attended a congress of the Japanese New Left in 1957 and agreed to unite as the Japan Revolutionary Communist League (RCL), usually abbreviated as Kakukyōdō in Japanese. This group was fervently anti-Stalinist, and soon fell under the sway of the charismatic half-blind Trotskyist philosopher Kuroda Kan'ichi, Kan'ichi Kuroda. Their goals at this time were to overthrow the Japanese government, end U.S. occupation of Okinawa Island, Okinawa, and abolish the U.S.-Japan Alliance. Kakumaru-ha evolved into its current form after a series of schisms. In 1959, Kuroda Kan'ichi was expelled from the RCL in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
