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Zafadola
Aḥmad III Abū Jaʿfar ibn ʿAbd al-Malik al-Mustanṣir (; died 5 February 1146), called Sayf al-Dawla ("Sword of the Dynasty"), Latinised as Zafadola, was the last ruler of the Hudid dynasty. He ruled the rump of the ''taifa'' kingdom of Zaragoza from his castle at Rueda de Jalón, in what is now Spain. He was the son of Abd al-Malik. After the city of Zaragoza was conquered by the Almoravids in 1110, ʿAbd al-Malik and Sayf al-Dawla fled to Rueda to resist the invaders. There they received help from Alfonso the Battler, king of Aragon. Their state was reduced to the towns of Rueda and Borja and their hinterland. In 1130 ʿAbd al-Malik died. In 1131 Sayf al-Dawla sent messengers to the court of King Alfonso VII of León to propose his rendering homage to Alfonso. The latter sent an embassy led by Count Rodrigo Martínez and the king's counsellor Gutierre Fernández de Castro to Rueda to make final arrangements. The ''taifa'' king and his sons then went to Alfonso, surren ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gutierre Fernández De Castro
Gutierre Fernández de Castro ( Alfonso VII of León and Castile">Alfonso VII (1126–57) and his son Sancho III of Castile">Sancho III (1157–58). He served Alfonso as a courtier after 1134 and as majordomo (1135–38). He was the guardian and tutor the young Sancho III from 1145. Before his death he was also briefly the guardian of Sancho's infant son, Alfonso VIII of Castile, Alfonso VIII. Gutierre took part in several military campaigns of reconquest against the Almoravid Emirate to the south of Castile. In 1139, on the king's orders, he began the successful Siege of Oreja. More often he was occupied defending the eastern frontier from invasion by Aragon or Navarre, and for this purpose the king invested him with many royal fiefs in this region. Towards the end of his life Gutierre was the elder statesman of the Castro family, and he died before his family's rivalry with the Laras developed into open civil war early in the reign of Alfonso VIII. Despite his high standing a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abd Al-Malik Imad Ad-Dawla
ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Aḥmad ibn Hūd Imād al-Dawla (), known by the regnal name Imad al-Dawla (in Arabic: ''Pillar of the dynasty''), Latinised as Mitadolus, was the fifth and last king of the Hudid dynasty to rule the Taifa of Zaragoza during a very short time in 1110. Succeeding Al-Musta'in II on his death in the battle of Valtierra in 1110, he could not resist the constant harassment of the Almoravids and the Kingdom of Aragon, Aragonese, and was forced to ask for help from Castile (historical region), Castile, becoming de facto one of its vassals. When the Almoravids conquered the Taifa of Zaragoza in 1110, Imad al-Dawla took refuge in the then-impenetrable fortress of Rueda de Jalón, where he created a microstate. With this the taifa of Zaragoza expired. ʿAbd al-Malik continued to fight against the Almoravids, until the Aragonese king Alfonso the Battler conquered Zaragoza in 1118. He died in 1130 and was succeeded in Rueda de Jalón by his son Zafadola. References [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Imperator Hispaniae
is a Latin title meaning "Emperor of All Spain". In Spain in the Middle Ages, the title "emperor" (from Latin ''imperator'') was used under a variety of circumstances from the ninth century onwards, but its usage peaked, as a formal and practical title, between 1086 and 1157. It was primarily used by the kings of León and Kings of Castile, Castile, but it also found currency in the Kingdom of Navarre and was employed by the counts of Castile and at least one Kingdom of Galicia, duke of Galicia. It signalled at various points the king's equality with the rulers of the Byzantine Empire and Holy Roman Empire, his rule by conquest or military superiority, his rule over several ethnic or religious groups, and his claim to suzerainty over the other kings of Iberian Peninsula, the peninsula, both Christian and Muslim. The use of the imperial title received scant recognition outside of Spain and it had become largely forgotten by the thirteenth century. The analogous feminine title, " ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Albacete
The battle of Albacete (5 February 1146) was a confrontation between Sayf al-Dawla (Zafadola), emir of Murcia and Valencia, and an army of the kingdom of León-Castile. The Castilians were victorious. Sayf al-Dawla was captured in the battle and subsequently assassinated. Background There are conflicting accounts of the circumstances that led to the battle. According to the '' Chronicle of the Emperor Alfonso'',An English translation is found in . a Latin Christian source, Sayf al-Dawla requested assistance from the Emperor Alfonso VII of León to suppress a revolt centred on Baeza, Úbeda and Jaén. The emperor sent him troops under the command of Counts Manrique Pérez de Lara, Ermengol VI of Urgell and Ponce de Cabrera, as well as Martín Fernández de Hita. The Arabic Muslim sources, however, portray Sayf al-Dawla as responding to Christian raiding around Xàtiva. These sources—Ibn al-Abbār's ''al-Ḥulla al-siyarāʾ'', al-Dhahabī's ''Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ'' an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rodrigo Martínez
Rodrigo Martínez () (died July 1138) was a Leonese nobleman, landowner, courtier, military leader, governor, and diplomat, "the most powerful lay figure in the region of the western Tierra de Campos," who "emerges as far and away the most regular visitor to the court of Alfonso VII between 1127 and 1138." He was a member of the Flagínez family, rose to the highest rank in the kingdom and met his end on the battlefield. He was the eldest son of Martín Flaínez and Sancha Fernández. Throughout his career he was closely associated with his brothers Pedro and Osorio Martínez. All three Martínez brothers met their ends on the battlefield. Martín Flaínez is known to have donated a meadow, money, and some candles to the monastery of Santa Eugenia de Cordovilla because the monks had performed a successful exorcism on the young Rodrigo. On behalf of the Crown: governor and diplomat The first record of Rodrigo's public career dates to 1 May 1110.Barton (1997), 294–95. In 111 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hudid Dynasty
The Banu Hud ( ', the Hudid dynasty) were an Arab dynasty that ruled the ' of Zaragoza from 1039 until 1110. The Hudid dynasty descends from Hud ibn Abd Allah ibn Musa ibn Salem al-Judhami (d. ca. 960). In 1039, under the leadership of Al-Mustain I, Sulayman ibn Hud al-Judhami, the Bani Hud seized control of Zaragoza from a rival clan, the Banu Tujib. His heirs, particularly Ahmad I al-Muqtadir (1046–1081), Yusuf al-Mutamin (1081–1085), and Al-Mustain II, Ahmad ibn Yusuf (1085–1110), were patrons of culture and the arts. The Aljafería, the royal residence erected by Ahmad I, is practically the only palace from that period to have survived almost in its entirety. Despite their independence, the Banu Hud were forced to recognize the superiority of the kingdom of Castile and pay ' to it as early as 1055. In 1086, they led the smaller kingdoms in their resistance to the Almoravids, who did not succeed in conquering Zaragoza until May 1110. The conquest represented the en ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1146 Deaths
Year 1146 ( MCXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * March 31 – Bernard of Clairvaux, commissioned by Pope Eugene III, preaches the Second Crusade at Vézelay, in Burgundy. King Louis VII of France and his wife, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, take up the cross. In a repeat of the events of 1096, Crusaders attack and massacre Jewish communities along the Rhine. Encouraged by his success, Bernard undertakes a tour in Burgundy, Lorraine and Flanders – preaching the Crusade as he goes. * Władysław II (the Exiled), High Duke of Poland, suffers a defeat against the coalition forces under his brother Bolesław IV (the Curly). Władysław and his family escape across the border to Bohemia and later seek refuge in Germany. Bolesław captures Silesia and the Senioral territories, and becomes the new ruler of Greater Poland. * The Republic of Genoa raids the Muslim-held Balearic Islands. The Republic of Pisa protest ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ponce Giraldo De Cabrera
Ponce Giraldo de Cabrera (''floruit'' 1105–1162), called Ponç Guerau (or Grau) in Catalan language, Catalan or Pons in Old Occitan, Occitan, was a Catalan nobleman, courtier and military leader in the Kingdom of León, kingdoms of León and Kingdom of Castile, Castile. Ponce came to León in the entourage of Berenguela of Barcelona, Berenguela, daughter of Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, when she married King Alfonso VII of León at Saldaña, Palencia, Saldaña in November 1127.Simon Barton, ''The Aristocracy in León and Castile'' (Cambridge: 1997), 284–85. Immediately after his arrival, Ponce assumed a position of some importance in the kingdom. By 1143 he held the title of count (Latin ''comes''), the highest rank of the Leonese nobility. By 1145 he had been appointed the king's majordomo, the highest official in the realm.Bernard F. Reilly, ''The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VII, 1126–1157'' (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Banu Hud
The Banu Hud ( ', the Hudid dynasty) were an Arab dynasty that ruled the ' of Zaragoza from 1039 until 1110. The Hudid dynasty descends from Hud ibn Abd Allah ibn Musa ibn Salem al-Judhami (d. ca. 960). In 1039, under the leadership of Al-Mustain I, Sulayman ibn Hud al-Judhami, the Bani Hud seized control of Zaragoza from a rival clan, the Banu Tujib. His heirs, particularly Ahmad I al-Muqtadir (1046–1081), Yusuf al-Mutamin (1081–1085), and Al-Mustain II, Ahmad ibn Yusuf (1085–1110), were patrons of culture and the arts. The Aljafería, the royal residence erected by Ahmad I, is practically the only palace from that period to have survived almost in its entirety. Despite their independence, the Banu Hud were forced to recognize the superiority of the kingdom of Castile and pay ' to it as early as 1055. In 1086, they led the smaller kingdoms in their resistance to the Almoravids, who did not succeed in conquering Zaragoza until May 1110. The conquest represented the e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Granada
Granada ( ; ) is the capital city of the province of Granada, in the autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain. Granada is located at the foot of the Sierra Nevada (Spain), Sierra Nevada mountains, at the confluence of four rivers, the Darro (river), Darro, the Genil, the Monachil (river), Monachil and the Beiro. Ascribed to the Vega de Granada ''comarca'', the city sits at an average elevation of Above mean sea level, above sea level, yet is only one hour by car from the Mediterranean coast, the Costa Tropical. Nearby is the Sierra Nevada Ski Station, where the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1996 were held. In the 2021 national census, the population of the city of Granada proper was 227,383, and the population of the entire municipal area was estimated to be 231,775, ranking as the Ranked lists of Spanish municipalities, 20th-largest urban area of Spain. About 3.3% of the population did not hold Spanish citizenship, the largest number of these ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
12th-century Arab People
1 (one, unit, unity) is a number, numeral, and glyph. It is the first and smallest positive integer of the infinite sequence of natural numbers. This fundamental property has led to its unique uses in other fields, ranging from science to sports, where it commonly denotes the first, leading, or top thing in a group. 1 is the unit of counting or measurement, a determiner for singular nouns, and a gender-neutral pronoun. Historically, the representation of 1 evolved from ancient Sumerian and Babylonian symbols to the modern Arabic numeral. In mathematics, 1 is the multiplicative identity, meaning that any number multiplied by 1 equals the same number. 1 is by convention not considered a prime number. In digital technology, 1 represents the "on" state in binary code, the foundation of computing. Philosophically, 1 symbolizes the ultimate reality or source of existence in various traditions. In mathematics The number 1 is the first natural number after 0. Each natural number, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alfonso VII Of León And Castile
Alfonso VII (1 March 110521 August 1157), called the Emperor (''el Emperador''), became the King of Galicia in 1111 and King of León and Castile in 1126. Alfonso, born Alfonso Raimúndez, first used the title Emperor of All Spain, alongside his mother Urraca, once she vested him with the direct rule of Toledo in 1116. Alfonso later held another investiture in 1135 in a grand ceremony reasserting his claims to the imperial title. He was the son of Urraca of León and Raymond of Burgundy, the first of the House of Ivrea to rule in the Iberian Peninsula. Alfonso was a dignified and somewhat enigmatic figure. His rule was characterised by the renewed supremacy of the western kingdoms of Christian Iberia over the eastern (Navarre and Aragón) after the reign of Alfonso the Battler. Though he sought to make the imperial title meaningful in practice to both Christian and Muslim populations, his hegemonic intentions never saw fruition. During his tenure, Portugal became ''de facto'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
