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Xiphilinoi
Xiphilinus () was a Byzantine family name. The family was from Trebizond and was considered of lowly origin. In the 11th and 12th centuries members were found mainly in the church and the bureaucracy in Constantinople and Thessaloniki. They were intellectuals rather than soldiers. They declined in importance after the sack of Constantinople in 1204. Known Xiphilini include: *Bardas Xiphilinos (11th century), '' strategetes'' of Thessaloniki. *John Xiphilinos (died 1075), judge, became Patriarch John VIII of Constantinople *Michael Xiphilinos, brother of John VIII *Constantine Xiphilinos (), '' droungarios tes viglas'' * John Xiphilinos the Younger, epitomator of Cassius Dio *John Xiphilinos (), '' vestarches'' *Nicholas Xiphilinos (), '' protovestes'' *Niketas Xiphilinos (/9), '' apographeus'' of Boleron *Euthymios Xiphilinos (), monk and copyist *Niketas Xiphilinos (), judge and quaestor *Donatos Xiphilinos (), judge *George Xiphilinos (died 1198), became Patriarch George II of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Byzantine Greeks
The Byzantine Greeks were the Medieval Greek, Greek-speaking Eastern Romans throughout Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. They were the main inhabitants of the lands of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire), of Constantinople and Asia Minor (modern Turkey), the Greek islands, Cyprus, and portions of the southern Balkans, and formed large minorities, or pluralities, in the coastal urban centres of the Levant and northern Egypt. Throughout their history, they self-identified as ''Ῥωμαῖοι, Romans'' (). Latin speakers identified them simply as Greeks or with the term Romaei. Use of Koine Greek, Greek was already widespread in the eastern Roman Empire when Constantine I () moved its capital to Constantinople, while Anatolia had also been Hellenization, hellenized by early Byzantine times. The empire lost its diversity following the loss of non-Greek speaking provinces with the 7th century Early Muslim conquests, Muslim conquests and its population was overwhelmingly ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vestarches
() was a senior Byzantine honorific dignity in use from the late 10th to early 12th centuries. The term means 'master of the ', another group of high court dignitaries. Etymologically, these terms are related to the , the imperial wardrobe, but despite earlier attempts (cf. Bréhier) to connect the or with the officials of the , no such relation appears to have existed.. It is first mentioned in the '' Escorial Taktikon'', a list of offices and court titles and their precedence compiled in the 970s. Initially, it was restricted to senior court eunuchs, but came to be awarded to senior officers as well after the mid-11th century. Its holders included famed generals such as Michael Bourtzes, Nikephoros Melissenos, and possibly also the future Byzantine emperors Nikephoros Botaneiates and Romanos Diogenes, but also some senior judicial officials of Constantinople Constantinople (#Names of Constantinople, see other names) was a historical city located on the Bosporus th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ecumenical Patriarchate Of Constantinople
The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (, ; ; , "Roman Orthodox Patriarchate, Ecumenical Patriarchate of Istanbul") is one of the fifteen to seventeen autocephalous churches that together compose the Eastern Orthodox Church. It is headed by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. Because of its historical location as the capital of the former Eastern Roman Empire and its role as the mother church of most modern Eastern Orthodox churches, Constantinople holds a special place of honor within Eastern Orthodox Christianity and serves as the seat for the Ecumenical Patriarch, who enjoys the status of '' primus inter pares'' (first among equals) among the world's Eastern Orthodox prelates and is regarded as the representative and spiritual leader of Eastern Orthodox Christians. Phanar (Turkish: '' Fener''), the name of the neighbourhood where ecumenical patriarch resides, is often used as a metaphor or shorthand for the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. The E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chartophylax
A ''chartophylax'' (, from χάρτα, "document" and φύλαξ, "guard, keeper"), sometimes also referred to as a ''chartoularios'', was an ecclesiastical officer in charge of official documents and records in the Greek Orthodox Church in Byzantine times. The post existed in Constantinople as well as the provincial dioceses, and holders of the post were responsible for the archives and chancery. Some monasteries also included a ''chartophylax'' or, for the women's convents, a ''chartophylakissa'', in charge of their records. Gradually, by virtue of his office's importance, the ''chartophylax'' of the Patriarch of Constantinople rose to become one of the most important officials in the clergy, despite his nominally low rank. Codinus calls the Grand Chartophylax the judge of all causes, and the patriarch's right arm. He adds that this officer was the depository or keeper of all the charters relating to the ecclesiastical rights stored in the ''chartophylakeion'' (Archives). In add ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
George II Of Constantinople
George may refer to: Names * George (given name) * George (surname) People * George (singer), American-Canadian singer George Nozuka, known by the mononym George * George Papagheorghe, also known as Jorge / GEØRGE * George, stage name of Giorgio Moroder * George, son of Andrew I of Hungary Places South Africa * George, South Africa, a city ** George Airport United States * George, Iowa, a city * George, Missouri, a ghost town * George, Washington, a city * George County, Mississippi * George Air Force Base, a former U.S. Air Force base located in California Computing * George (algebraic compiler) also known as 'Laning and Zierler system', an algebraic compiler by Laning and Zierler in 1952 * GEORGE (computer), early computer built by Argonne National Laboratory in 1957 * GEORGE (operating system), a range of operating systems (George 1–4) for the ICT 1900 range of computers in the 1960s * GEORGE (programming language), an autocode system invented by Charles Leona ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quaestor
A quaestor ( , ; ; "investigator") was a public official in ancient Rome. There were various types of quaestors, with the title used to describe greatly different offices at different times. In the Roman Republic, quaestors were elected officials who supervised the state treasury and conducted audits. When assigned to provincial governors, the duties were mainly administrative and logistical, but also could expand to encompass military leadership and command. It was the lowest ranking position in the ' (course of offices); by the first century BC, one had to have been quaestor to be eligible for any other posts. In the Roman Empire, the position initially remained as assistants to the magistrates with financial duties in the provinces, but over time, it faded away in the face of the expanding imperial bureaucracy. A position with a similar name (the ') emerged during the Constantinian period with judicial responsibilities. Etymology ''Quaestor'' derives from the Latin verb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boleron
Boleron () was the name of a region and a Byzantine province in southwestern Thrace during the Middle Ages. The region is first mentioned in the mid-9th century ''Life of Saint Gregory of Dekapolis'', and designated the area enclosed between the Nestos River in the west, the Rhodope Mountains to the north, the Korpiles defile to the east, and the Aegean Sea to the south. In the early 11th century, it became a distinct administrative unit, but had a chequered history: a '' dioikesis'' (fiscal district) in 1047, it is attested as a separate theme—with at least two known '' banda'', Mosynopolis and Peritheorion—in 1083, but most often it is found as part of a composite province along with the older themes of Thessalonica and Strymon. After the dissolution of the Byzantine Empire following the Fourth Crusade, the region fell to the Kingdom of Thessalonica and followed its fortunes until its conquest by the Empire of Nicaea. In ca. 1246, John III Vatatzes reconstituted B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apographeus
''Apographeus'' () was a fiscal office in the last centuries of the Byzantine Empire. The office first appears in the Komnenian period, either under Alexios I Komnenos () or at any rate by the third quarter of the 12th century, and apparently replaced the '' anagrapheus''. The office continued in existence until the end of the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century. The ''apographeus'' was in charge of the land survey (''apographē'') that served as the basis for the tax assessment owed by individuals, as well for the purpose of redivision of lands (''merismos'') and the assessment of imperial grants of revenue (''posotēs'') of an estate to ''pronoia'' holders or to establishments such as monasteries and other pious foundations. The post of ''apographeus'' was often held in tandem by the governor ('' doux'', '' kephalē'') of a province. References Sources * {{cite encyclopedia , last=Kazhdan , first=Alexander , author-link=Alexander Kazhdan , title = Apographeus , page=1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protovestes
( was a Byzantine court title used in the 10th and 11th centuries. The term is etymologically connected to the , the imperial wardrobe, but despite earlier attempts to connect the and the related title of , the head of the class of the , with the officials of the , no such relation appears to have existed.. The title is first attested for the reign of Emperor John I Tzimiskes (), when it was held by Nikephoros Phokas, son of the Leo Phokas. The title remained high in the Byzantine imperial hierarchy throughout most of the 11th century, being often combined with the title of and awarded to prominent generals, among others Isaac Komnenos (emperor in 1057–1059) when he was of the East, Leo Tornikios and Nikephoros Botaneiates (emperor in 1078–1081) during his tenure as of Edessa and Antioch. The ''Escorial Taktikon'', a list of offices and court titles and their precedence compiled in the 970s, distinguishes between "bearded" () , who also held the titles of or , and the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cassius Dio
Lucius Cassius Dio (), also known as Dio Cassius ( ), was a Roman historian and senator of maternal Greek origin. He published 80 volumes of the history of ancient Rome, beginning with the arrival of Aeneas in Italy. The volumes documented the subsequent founding of Rome (753 BC), the formation of the Republic (509 BC), and the creation of the Empire (27 BC) up until 229 AD, during the reign of Severus Alexander. Written in Koine Greek over 22 years, Dio's work covers approximately 1,000 years of history. Many of his books have survived intact, alongside summaries edited by later authors such as Xiphilinus, a Byzantine monk of the 11th century, and Zonaras, a Byzantine chronicler of the 12th century. Biography Lucius Cassius Dio was the son of Cassius Apronianus, a Roman senator and member of the Cassia gens, who was born and raised at Nicaea in Bithynia. Byzantine tradition maintains that Dio's mother was the daughter or sister of the Greek orator and philosopher, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trabzon
Trabzon, historically known as Trebizond, is a city on the Black Sea coast of northeastern Turkey and the capital of Trabzon Province. The city was founded in 756 BC as "Trapezous" by colonists from Miletus. It was added into the Achaemenid Empire by Cyrus the Great and was later part of the independent Kingdom of Pontus that challenged Rome until 68 BC. Thenceforth part of the Roman and later Byzantine Empire, the city was the capital of the Empire of Trebizond, one of the successor states of the Byzantine Empire after the Fourth Crusade in 1204. In 1461 it came under Ottoman rule. During the early modern period, Trabzon, because of the importance of its port, again became a focal point of trade to Persia and the Caucasus. Today Trabzon is the second largest city and port on the Black Sea coast of Turkey with a population of almost 300,000. The urban population of the city is 330,836 (Ortahisar), with a metropolitan population of 822,270. Name The Turkish name of the city ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Xiphilinus (historian)
John Xiphilinus or Joannes Xiphilinos (), epitomator of Dio Cassius, lived at Constantinople during the latter half of the 11th century AD. He was a monk and a member of the Xiphilinus family, a nephew of Patriarch John VIII of Constantinople, a well-known preacher (Migne, '' Patrologia Graeca'', cxx.). The epitome of Dio was prepared by order of Michael Parapinaces (1071–1078), but is incomplete. It comprises books 36–80, the period included being from the times of Pompey and Caesar down to Alexander Severus. In book 70 the reign of Antoninus Pius and the early years of Marcus Aurelius appear to have been missing in his copy, while in books 78 and 79 a mutilated original must have been used. Xiphilinus divided the work into sections, each containing the life of an emperor. He omitted the names of the consuls and sometimes altered or emended the original. The epitome is valuable as preserving the chief incidents of the period for which the authority of Dio is wanting. Refere ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
