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Xenorhabdus Nematophila
''Xenorhabdus'' is a genus of motile, gram-negative bacteria from the family of the Morganellaceae. All the species of the genus are only known to live in symbiosis with soil entomopathogenic nematodes from the genus ''Steinernema''. Although no free-living forms of ''Xenorhabdus'' have ever been isolated outside of the nematode host, the benefits for the bacteria are still unknown. However, it has been demonstrated that the nematode can't establish within its insect host without the bacteria. The tripartite ''Xenorhabdus''-nematode-insect interaction represents a model system in which both Mutualism (biology), mutualistic and pathogenesis, pathogenic processes can be studied in a single bacterial species. In the laboratory, some species are virulent even when artificially injected into the insect host, whereas others species need the nematode to affect the insect. Lifecycle # In the non-infestant-stage nematode living in the soil, ''Xenorhabdus'' spp. are carried in a specia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xenorhabdus Beddingii
''Xenorhabdus beddingii'' is a bacterium from the genus of ''Xenorhabdus'' which has been isolated from the nematode genus ''Steinernema'' in Australia and Queensland.Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen]/ref> References Further reading * * * * * External linksType strain of ''Xenorhabdus beddingii'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Bacteria described in 1993 Enterobacterales {{Gammaproteobacteria-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xenorhabdus Mauleonii
''Xenorhabdus mauleonii'' is a bacterium from the genus '' Xenorhabdus'' which has been isolated from an undescribed '' Steinernema'' species. References Further reading * * External linksType strain of ''Xenorhabdus mauleonii'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Bacteria described in 2006 Enterobacterales {{Gammaproteobacteria-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hemocoel
In vertebrates, the circulatory system is a organ system, system of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood which is circulated throughout the body. It includes the cardiovascular system, or vascular system, that consists of the heart and blood vessels (from Greek meaning ''heart'', and Latin meaning ''vessels''). The circulatory system has two divisions, a systemic circulation, systemic circulation or circuit, and a pulmonary circulation, pulmonary circulation or circuit. Some sources use the terms ''cardiovascular system'' and ''vascular system'' interchangeably with ''circulatory system''. The network of blood vessels are the great vessels of the heart including large elastic arteries, and large veins; other arteries, smaller arterioles, capillaries that join with venules (small veins), and other veins. The Closed circulatory system, circulatory system is closed in vertebrates, which means that the blood never leaves the network of blood vessels. Many in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intestine
The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The tract is the largest of the body's systems, after the cardiovascular system. The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans and other animals, including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Food taken in through the mouth is digested to extract nutrients and absorb energy, and the waste expelled at the anus as feces. ''Gastrointestinal'' is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the stomach and intestines. Most animals have a "through-gut" or complete digestive tract. Exceptions are more primitive ones: sponges have small pores ( ostia) throughout their body for digestion and a larger dorsal pore ( osculum) for excretion, comb jellies have both a ventral mouth and dorsal anal pores, while cnidarians and acoels have a single pore for both digestion and excretion. The human gas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pathogenesis
In pathology, pathogenesis is the process by which a disease or disorder develops. It can include factors which contribute not only to the onset of the disease or disorder, but also to its progression and maintenance. The word comes . Description Types of pathogenesis include microbial infection, inflammation, malignancy and tissue breakdown. For example, bacterial pathogenesis is the process by which bacteria cause infectious illness. Most diseases are caused by multiple processes. For example, certain cancers arise from dysfunction of the immune system (skin tumors and lymphoma after a renal transplant, which requires immunosuppression), '' Streptococcus pneumoniae'' is spread through contact with respiratory secretions, such as saliva, mucus, or cough droplets from an infected person and colonizes the upper respiratory tract and begins to multiply. The pathogenic mechanisms of a disease (or condition) are set in motion by the underlying causes, which if controlled woul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mutualism (biology)
Mutualism describes the ecological Biological interaction, interaction between two or more species where each species has a net benefit. Mutualism is a common type of Ecology, ecological interaction. Prominent examples are: * the nutrient exchange between vascular plants and mycorrhizal fungi, * the Fertilisation, fertilization of flowering plants by pollinators, * the ways plants use fruits and edible seeds to encourage animal aid in seed dispersal, and * the way corals become photosynthetic with the help of the microorganism zooxanthellae. Mutualism can be contrasted with interspecific competition, in which each species experiences ''reduced'' fitness, and Cheating (biology), exploitation, and with parasitism, in which one species benefits at the expense of the other. However, mutualism may evolve from interactions that began with imbalanced benefits, such as parasitism. The term ''mutualism'' was introduced by Pierre-Joseph van Beneden in his 1876 book ''Animal Parasites an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Steinernema
''Steinernema'' is a genus of nematodes in the family of Steinernematidae. The genus ''Steinernema'' is named after the nematologist Gotthold Steiner. Nematodes of this genus have been shown to be effective as a biological control for agricultural pests of the Scarabaeidae family, such as '' Maladera formosae''. Life cycle Species form symbiotic relationships with '' Xenorhabdus'' and '' Photorhabdus'' bacteria. The free-living third stage juvenile, termed a dauer juvenile, enters its insect hosts through natural openings, such as the mouth, anus, and spiracles. Bacterial cells from the intestines are regurgitated into the insect. The insect hemolymph provides a rich medium for the bacterial cells which grow, releasing toxins and exoenzymes, causing the insect host to die from septicemia. The bacteria also produce other compounds to protect the insect from other microbes in the soil. The nematode moves out of its developmentally arrested third, nonfeeding stage, triggere ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xenorhabdus Vietnamensis
''Xenorhabdus vietnamensis'' is a bacterium from the genus '' Xenorhabdus'' which has been isolated from the nematode '' Steinernema sangi'' in Vietnam Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's List of countries and depende .... References Further reading * * External links Type strain of ''Xenorhabdus vietnamensis'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Bacteria described in 2010 Enterobacterales {{Gammaproteobacteria-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xenorhabdus Thuongxuanensis
''Xenorhabdus'' is a genus of motile, gram-negative bacteria from the family of the Morganellaceae. All the species of the genus are only known to live in symbiosis with soil entomopathogenic nematodes from the genus ''Steinernema''. Although no free-living forms of ''Xenorhabdus'' have ever been isolated outside of the nematode host, the benefits for the bacteria are still unknown. However, it has been demonstrated that the nematode can't establish within its insect host without the bacteria. The tripartite ''Xenorhabdus''-nematode-insect interaction represents a model system in which both mutualistic and pathogenic processes can be studied in a single bacterial species. In the laboratory, some species are virulent even when artificially injected into the insect host, whereas others species need the nematode to affect the insect. Lifecycle # In the non-infestant-stage nematode living in the soil, ''Xenorhabdus'' spp. are carried in a specialized region of the intestine, ter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xenorhabdus Szentirmaii
''Xenorhabdus szentirmaii'' is a bacterium from the genus '' Xenorhabdus'' which has been isolated from the nematode '' Steinernema rarum'' in Argentina Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. It covers an area of , making it the List of South American countries by area, second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourt .... ''Xenorhabdus szentirmaii'' produces szentiamide, xenematide, bicornutin A xenofuranone A and xenofuranone B. References External links Type strain of ''Xenorhabdus szentirmaii'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Further reading * * * * * Bacteria described in 2005 Enterobacterales {{Gammaproteobacteria-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xenorhabdus Stockiae
''Xenorhabdus stockiae'' is a bacterium from the genus of '' Xenorhabdus'' which has been isolated from the nematode '' Steinernema siamkayai'' in Thailand Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939), is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. With a population of almost 66 million, it spa .... References Further reading * * External links Type strain of ''Xenorhabdus stockiae'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Bacteria described in 2006 Enterobacterales {{Gammaproteobacteria-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xenorhabdus Romanii
''Xenorhabdus romanii'' is a bacterium from the genus '' Xenorhabdus'' which has been isolated from the nematode '' Steinernema puertoricense'' in Puerto Rico.Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen The Leibniz Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH (German: ''Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH''), located in Braunschweig, is a research infrastructure in the ...br>/ref> References Further reading * * External linksType strain of ''Xenorhabdus romanii'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Bacteria described in 2006 Enterobacterales {{Gammaproteobacteria-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
