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Wynkyn De Worde
Wynkyn de Worde (; died , London) was a printer and publisher in London known for his work with William Caxton, and is recognised as the first to popularise the products of the printing press in England. Name Wynkyn de Worde was a German immigrant to England. His name is given in the forms ''Wynkyn de Worde'', ''Wynken de Worde'', ''Wynkyn de Word'', ''Wijnkijn de Worde'', and ''Winandus van Worden'' ("Wynkyn" is a diminutive of "Wynand"). It is also given 15 times in the sacrist's roll of Westminster Abbey and in city records as variants of "John Wynkyn", including ''John Wynkyn'', ''Johannes Wynkyn'', ''Jan Wynkyn'', and ''Jan van Wynkyn''. He is also recorded as ''Willelmo Wynkyn'' ("William Wynkyn") once and as ''Mr. Wylkyns'' eight times. His son Richard is recorded as ''Richard Wynkyn'' and ''Rycharde de Worde''. Some authors have therefore concluded that his real name was John Wynkyn (or Wynand) and that "de Worde" was "merely a place name," while others have conclude ...
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Woodcut
Woodcut is a relief printing technique in printmaking. An artist carves an image into the surface of a block of wood—typically with gouges—leaving the printing parts level with the surface while removing the non-printing parts. Areas that the artist cuts away carry no ink, while characters or images at surface level carry the ink to produce the print. The block is cut along the wood grain (unlike wood engraving, where the block is cut in the end-grain). The surface is covered with ink by rolling over the surface with an ink-covered roller ( brayer), leaving ink upon the flat surface but not in the non-printing areas. Multiple colours can be printed by keying the paper to a frame around the woodblocks (using a different block for each colour). The art of carving the woodcut can be called ''xylography'', but this is rarely used in English for images alone, although that term and ''xylographic'' are used in connection with block books, which are small books containing text ...
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Vitae Sanctorum Patrum
''Vitae'' is a Latin word, meaning or pertaining to life. * Aqua vitae, archaic name for a concentrated aqueous solution of ethanol, distilled spirits * Arbor vitae (other), "tree of life" * ''De Brevitate Vitae'', work of Roman philosopher Seneca * Curriculum vitae or CV, summary of education and job experience, résumé * ''Deus Vitae'', manga series created by Takuya Fujima * ''Evangelium Vitae'', encyclical by Pope John Paul II * ''Humanae vitae'', encyclical by Pope Paul VI * Liber Vitae, medieval confraternity book * Lignum vitae, species of plant in the creosote bush family * Magistra vitae, Latin expression from Cicero's ''De Oratore'', "history is life's teacher" * Non scholae, sed vitae discimus, Latin phrase, "We do not learn for the school, but for life." * Sodalitium Christianae Vitae ''Sodalitium Christianae Vitae'' (SCV), or Sodalitium of Christian Life was a Society of Apostolic Life of Pontifical Right, a society of the Catholic Church. It was foun ...
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Le Morte D'Arthur
' (originally written as '; Anglo-Norman French for "The Death of Arthur") is a 15th-century Middle English prose reworking by Sir Thomas Malory of tales about the legendary King Arthur, Guinevere, Lancelot, Merlin and the Knights of the Round Table, along with their respective folklore. In order to tell a "complete" story of Arthur from his conception to his death, Malory compiled, rearranged, interpreted and modified material from various French and English sources. Today, this is one of the best-known works of Arthurian literature. Many authors since the 19th-century revival of the legend have used Malory as their principal source. Apparently written in prison at the end of the medieval English era, ''Le Morte d'Arthur'' was completed by Malory around 1470 and was first published in a printed edition in 1485 by William Caxton. Until the discovery of the Winchester Manuscript in 1934, the 1485 edition was considered the earliest known text of ''Le Morte d'Arthur'' an ...
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Treatise Of Love
The ''Treatise of Love'' (''Tretyse of Loue'') is an English prose text first printed around 1493. Its printing was the work of Wynkyn de Worde, who took over William Caxton's printing business in 1491, and printed the ''Treatise'' before he began publishing under his own name in 1494. Drawing greatly on the ''Ancrene Wisse'', the text contains religious advice addressed to an audience of aristocratic women. Contents The text contains three main parts that deal with divine love, which are largely based on the early thirteenth-century ''Ancrene Wisse'', and, following an "intermediate conclusion," seven brief sections dealing with other aspects of (religious) love. Besides the ''Ancrene Wisse'', other source texts are the '' Planctus Mariae'' (usually ascribed to Bernard of Clairvaux) and the '' Hours of the Cross'' from the ''Meditations on the Life of Christ''. Like the ''Ancrene Wisse'', its religious advice is written for the purpose of aristocratic women (one specific but unkn ...
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Movable Type
Movable type (US English; moveable type in British English) is the system and technology of printing and typography that uses movable Sort (typesetting), components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual alphanumeric characters or punctuation marks) usually on the medium of paper. Overview The world's first movable type printing technology for paper books was made of porcelain materials and was invented around 1040 AD in China during the Northern Song dynasty by the inventor Bi Sheng (990–1051). The earliest printed paper money with movable metal type to print the identifying Banknote seal (China), code of the money was made in 1161 during the Song dynasty. In 1193, a book in the Song dynasty documented how to use the copper movable type. The oldest extant book printed with movable metal type, Jikji, was printed in Korea in 1377 during the Goryeo dynasty. The spread of both movable-type systems was, to some degree, limited to primarily East Asia. T ...
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Ranulf Higden
Ranulf Higden or Higdon (–1363 or 1364) was an English chronicler and a Benedictine monk who wrote the ''Polychronicon'', a Late Medieval magnum opus. Higden resided at the monastery of St. Werburgh in Chester after taking his monastic vow at Benedictine Abbey in Chester in 1299. Later in life he travelled to visit and counsel with King Edward III. Higden's remains are buried in Chester Cathedral. Higden wrote many works, including the ''Polychronicon, Ars componendi sermones,'' and ''Speculum curatorum.'' Higden began compiling the ''Polychronicon,'' a seven-book series about world history written in Latin'','' during the reign of Edward III. He is sometimes associated with the Chester Plays, but there is also doubt surrounding this association. ''Ars componendi sermones'' and ''Speculum curatorum'' address religious topics. Biography Ranulf Higden was born in about 1280 and is believed to have been born in the West of England. He joined St. Werburgh abbey in Chester, E ...
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Arabic
Arabic (, , or , ) is a Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns language codes to 32 varieties of Arabic, including its standard form of Literary Arabic, known as Modern Standard Arabic, which is derived from Classical Arabic. This distinction exists primarily among Western linguists; Arabic speakers themselves generally do not distinguish between Modern Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic, but rather refer to both as ( "the eloquent Arabic") or simply ' (). Arabic is the List of languages by the number of countries in which they are recognized as an official language, third most widespread official language after English and French, one of six official languages of the United Nations, and the Sacred language, liturgical language of Islam. Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities around the wo ...
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Hebrew
Hebrew (; ''ʿÎbrit'') is a Northwest Semitic languages, Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family. A regional dialect of the Canaanite languages, it was natively spoken by the Israelites and remained in regular use as a first language until after 200 CE and as the Sacred language, liturgical language of Judaism (since the Second Temple period) and Samaritanism. The language was Revival of the Hebrew language, revived as a spoken language in the 19th century, and is the only successful large-scale example of Language revitalization, linguistic revival. It is the only Canaanite language, as well as one of only two Northwest Semitic languages, with the other being Aramaic, still spoken today. The earliest examples of written Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, Paleo-Hebrew date back to the 10th century BCE. Nearly all of the Hebrew Bible is written in Biblical Hebrew, with much of its present form in the dialect that scholars believe flourish ...
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Italic Type
In typography, italic type is a cursive font based on a stylised form of calligraphic handwriting. Along with blackletter and roman type, it served as one of the major typefaces in the history of Western typography. Owing to the influence from calligraphy, italics normally slant slightly to the right, ''like so''. Different glyph shapes from roman type are usually usedanother influence from calligraphyand upper-case letters may have Swash (typography), swashes, flourishes inspired by ornate calligraphy. Historically, italics were a distinct style of type used entirely separately from roman type, but they have come to be used in conjunction—most fonts now come with a roman type and an oblique type, oblique version (generally called "italic" though often not true italics). In this usage, italics are a way to emphasise key points in a printed text, to identify many types of creative works, to cite foreign words or phrases, or, when quoting a speaker, a way to show which w ...
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Ave Maria Lane
Ave Maria Lane is a street in the City of London, to the west of St. Paul's Cathedral. It is the southern extension of Warwick Lane, between Amen Corner and Ludgate Hill. On the feast day of Corpus Christi, monks would say prayers in a procession to St. Paul's Cathedral. They set off from Paternoster Row chanting the Lord's Prayer (''Pater noster'' being the opening words of the prayer in Latin). They would reach the final "Amen" as they turned the corner into Ave Maria Lane, after which they would chant Hail Mary (''Ave Maria'' in Latin). Ave Maria Lane is home to the Grade I listed building Stationers' Hall, the livery hall of the Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers since 1670. According to Colsoni's 1693 guide to London (''Le Guide de Londres'') Ave Maria Lane was a gathering place for German expatriates ("... à l'Enseigne du ''Black-boy'' au Latin Coffee-house ..."). The marathon route of the 2012 Summer Olympics The 2012 Summer Olympi ...
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Ludgate Hill
Ludgate Hill is a street and surrounding area, on a small hill in the City of London, England. The street passes through the former site of Ludgate, a city gate that was demolished – along with a gaol attached to it – in 1760. The area includes St Paul's Cathedral. The modern cathedral, it has been claimed, was built on a site that – during the Roman British era of the early first millennium – was occupied by a major Roman temple, dedicated to the goddess Diana. Ludgate Hill itself is traditionally regarded as one of a trio of hills in Central London, the others being Tower Hill and Cornhill. The highest point is just north of St Paul's, at above sea level. The modern street named Ludgate Hill, which was previously a much narrower thoroughfare named Ludgate Street, runs between St Paul's Churchyard and Ludgate Circus (built in 1864), at which point it becomes Fleet Street. Etymology Ludgate is generally accepted to derive from the Old English ter ...
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