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Winter Soldier Investigation
The "Winter Soldier Investigation" was a media event sponsored by the Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW) from January 31, 1971, to February 2, 1971. It was intended to publicize war crimes and atrocities by the United States Armed Forces and their allies in the Vietnam War. The VVAW challenged the morality and conduct of the war by showing the direct relationship between military policies and war crimes in Vietnam. The three-day gathering of 109 veterans and 16 civilians took place in Detroit, Michigan. Discharged servicemen from each branch of the armed forces, as well as civilian contractors, medical personnel and academics, all gave testimony about war crimes they had committed or witnessed during the years 1963–1970.Richard Stacewicz; ''Winter Soldiers: An Oral History of the Vietnam Veterans Against the War''; Twayne Publishers, 1997; p. 234 With the exception of Pacifica Radio, the event was not covered extensively outside Detroit. However, several journalists an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Media Event
A media event, also known as a pseudo-event, is an event, activity, or experience conducted for the purpose of creating media publicity. It may also be any event that is covered in the mass media or was hosted largely with the media in mind. Etymology and definition In media studies, "media event" is an established theoretical term first developed by Elihu Katz and Daniel Dayan in the 1992 book ''Media Events: The Live Broadcasting of History.'' Media events in this sense are ceremonial events with narrative progression that are live broadcast and gather a large segment of the population, such as royal weddings or funerals. The defining characteristics of a media event are that it is immediate (i.e., it is broadcast live), organized by a non-media entity, containing ceremonial and dramatic value, preplanning, and focusing on a personality, whether that be a single person or a group. The 2009 book ''Media Events in a Global Age'' updates the concept. The theory of media events has ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
War Crimes
A war crime is a violation of the laws of war that gives rise to individual criminal responsibility for actions by combatants in action, such as intentionally killing civilians or intentionally killing prisoners of war, torture, taking hostages, unnecessarily destroying civilian property, deception by perfidy, wartime sexual violence, pillaging, and for any individual that is part of the command structure who orders any attempt to committing mass killings (including genocide or ethnic cleansing), the granting of no quarter despite surrender, the conscription of children in the military, and flouting the legal distinctions of proportionality and military necessity. The formal concept of war crimes emerged from the codification of the customary international law that applied to warfare between sovereign states, such as the Lieber Code (1863) of the Union Army in the American Civil War and the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 for international war. In the afterm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al Hubbard (activist)
Alfred H. Hubbard is a U.S. Air Force veteran of the Korean War, anti-war and civil rights activist, former executive secretary of Vietnam Veterans Against the War and poet. He grew up in Brooklyn, New York, and entered the Air Force planning to make it his career. He was forced to take an early retirement in 1966 after suffering an injury during a plane crash. After leaving the service, he enrolled at the University of Washington and earned an undergraduate degree. Life Military Hubbard enlisted in the United States Air Force in October 1952, reenlisted twice and was honorably discharged after 14 years of service. At the time of his discharge, he was an instructor/ flight engineer on C-124 Globemaster with the 7th Air Transport Squadron, McChord Air Force Base, Tacoma, Washington. Hubbard was awarded a Korean Service Medal, United Nations Medal, National Defense Medal, four Good Conduct Medals, Air Force Longevity Service Award, Air Force Unit Award and Air Force Expedi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bob Johnson (activist)
Bob or Bobby Johnson may refer to: Arts and entertainment * Bob Johnson (actor) (1920–1993), voice actor noted for ''Mission: Impossible'' mission messages * Bob Johnston (1932–2015), American record producer * Bob Johnson (musician) (1944–2023), British guitarist, singer and songwriter * Robert L. Johnson (born 1946), founder of Black Entertainment Television * Bob Johnson, a fictional father from the animated series ''Squirrel Boy'' * Bob Johnson, a professional name of Neil Kaplan (active from 1993), American voice actor Politics * Bob A. Johnson (1945–2017), American politician and school social worker * Bob Johnson (Arkansas state representative) (born 1953), member of the Arkansas House of Representatives since 2015 * Bob Johnson (Arkansas state senator) (born 1962), member of the Arkansas State Senate from 2001 to 2011 and the Arkansas House of Representatives from 1995 to 2000 Sports American football * Bob Johnson (American football) (born 1946), former American ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michael Uhl
Michael Uhl (born 1944) is a Vietnam veteran, antiwar activist, critic and academic. Early life and education Uhl was born in 1944 and grew up in Babylon, Long Island, New York. He graduated with a BS in Theoretical linguistics from the Faculty of Languages and Linguistics, Georgetown University. He holds an interdisciplinary Ph.D. in American Studies and Writing (Creative Non-fiction) from the Union Institute and University. Career In the Army, Uhl served in Vietnam during 1968-69 as a first lieutenant, where he led a combat intelligence team with the 11th Infantry Brigade. After Vietnam, Uhl entered a doctoral program in linguistics at New York University, and became immediately involved in the antiwar movement, joining the New York City based Citizens Commission of Inquiry on U.S. War Crimes in Vietnam (CCI) as a full-time organizer. He helped organize the National Veterans Inquiry and the Winter Soldier Investigation. In 1970, Uhl joined Ed Murphy in exposing the Phoenix P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tod Ensign
Thomas Decatur "Tod" Ensign (1941– May 2014) was an American veterans' rights lawyer, writer, and director of Citizen Soldier, a non-profit GI and veterans' rights advocacy group based in New York City. Early life and education Ensign was born in Michigan, the second child of Winfield Scott Ensign and Gretchen McKinstry Ensign. He graduated from Michigan State University in 1963 with a BA in Social Science. Ensign held two law degrees, a Master of Laws (LLM) from NYU and Juris Doctor (J.D.) from Wayne State University. Veterans' rights activism Ensign co-founded Citizen Soldier in 1969 to advocate on behalf of GIs and veterans who work to oppose command-tolerated racism, sexism, homophobia and militarism. In 1985, the group represented 8,000 veterans nationwide. (After Ensign's death, the Citizen Soldier website went dormant.) He was also intimately involved with the Citizens Commission of Inquiry, also formed in 1969, which was founded to document American atrocities throug ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jeremy Rifkin
Jeremy Rifkin (born January 26, 1945) is an American economic and social theorist, writer, public speaker, political advisor, and activist. Rifkin is the author of 23 books about the influence of scientific and technological changes on the economy, the workforce, society, and the environment. His most recent books include ''The Age of Resilience'' (2022), ''The Green New Deal'' (2019), ''The Zero Marginal Cost Society'' (2014), '' The Third Industrial Revolution'' (2011), '' The Empathic Civilization'' (2010), and '' The European Dream'' (2004). Rifkin is the principal architect of the "Third Industrial Revolution" long-term economic sustainability plan to address the triple challenge of the global economic crisis, energy security, and climate change. The Third Industrial Revolution (TIR) was formally endorsed by the European Parliament in 2007. ''The Huffington Post'' reported from Beijing in October 2015 that "Chinese Premier Li Keqiang has not only read Jeremy Rifkin's book ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New York University
New York University (NYU) is a private university, private research university in New York City, New York, United States. Chartered in 1831 by the New York State Legislature, NYU was founded in 1832 by Albert Gallatin as a Nondenominational Christianity, non-denominational all-male institution near New York City Hall, City Hall based on a curriculum focused on a secular education. The university moved in 1833 and has maintained its main campus in Greenwich Village surrounding Washington Square Park. Since then, the university has added an engineering school in Brooklyn's MetroTech Center and graduate schools throughout Manhattan. NYU is one of the largest private universities in the United States by enrollment, with a total of 51,848 enrolled students in 2021. It is one of the most applied-to schools in the country and admissions are considered selective. NYU's main campus in New York City is organized into ten undergraduate schools, including the New York University College ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Rights
Human rights are universally recognized Morality, moral principles or Social norm, norms that establish standards of human behavior and are often protected by both Municipal law, national and international laws. These rights are considered inherent and inalienable, meaning they belong to every individual simply by virtue of being human, regardless of characteristics like nationality, ethnicity, religion, or socio-economic status. They encompass a broad range of civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights, such as the right to life, freedom of expression, protection against enslavement, and right to education. The modern concept of human rights gained significant prominence after World War II, particularly in response to the atrocities of the Holocaust, leading to the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. This document outlined a comprehensive framework of rights that countries are encouraged t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phoenix Program
The Phoenix Program () was designed and initially coordinated by the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) during the Vietnam War, involving the American, South Vietnamese militaries, and a small amount of special forces operatives from the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam. In 1970, CIA responsibility was phased out, and the program was put under the authority of the Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support (CORDS).Lewy, Guenter (1978), ''America in Vietnam'', New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 280-281 The program, which lasted from 1968 to 1972, was designed to identify and destroy the Viet Cong (VC) via infiltration, assassination, torture, capture, counter-terrorism, and interrogation. The CIA described it as "a set of programs that sought to attack and destroy the political infrastructure of the Viet Cong." The Phoenix Program was premised on the idea that North Vietnamese infiltration had required local support within noncombat civilian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA; ) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with advancing national security through collecting and analyzing intelligence from around the world and conducting covert operations. The agency is headquartered in the George Bush Center for Intelligence in Langley, Virginia, and is sometimes metonymously called "Langley". A major member of the United States Intelligence Community (IC), the CIA has reported to the director of national intelligence since 2004, and is focused on providing intelligence for the president and the Cabinet. The CIA is headed by a director and is divided into various directorates, including a Directorate of Analysis and Directorate of Operations. Unlike the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the CIA has no law enforcement function and focuses on intelligence gathering overseas, with only limited domestic intelligence collection. The CIA is responsibl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
