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Viśeṣastava
The Viśeṣa-stava is a Buddhist ''stotra'' by the author Udbhaṭasiddhasvāmin and has pride of place as the text that opens the Tibetan bsTan 'gyur. Originally written in Sanskrit, it was extensively propagated and sung. It was written to demonstrate the superiority of Buddhism over '' tirthikas''. It has long been only known from its Tibetan translation (in the 9th century by the efforts of Sarvajñadeva and the Tibetans Rin-chen-mchog (d. 840) and Dpal-brtseg Rakṣita). Now, it is also known in a Sanskrit version thanks to Johannes Schneider and Liu Zhen's study. At the time of its translation into Tibetan, the Indian pandita Prajñāvarman Prajñāvarman (Tibetan: ''shes rab go cha'') within early medieval literature, was an 8th-century Buddhist writer. He lived during the reigns of the Pala king, Gopala I and the Tibetan emperor Trisong Detsen, under whose auspices he came to T ... wrote a commentary on it which immediately follows it in the bsTan 'gyur. Referen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prajñāvarman
Prajñāvarman (Tibetan: ''shes rab go cha'') within early medieval literature, was an 8th-century Buddhist writer. He lived during the reigns of the Pala king, Gopala I and the Tibetan emperor Trisong Detsen, under whose auspices he came to Tibet. He was a contemporary of Jinamitra. Works Prajñāvarman contributed to the translation of 77 Buddhist works from Sanskrit into Tibetan and is the author of three commentaries preserved in the Tengyur The Tengyur or ''Tanjur'' or ''Bstan-’gyur'' (Tibetan: "Translation of Teachings") is the collected commentaries by great buddhist masters on Buddha Shakyamuni's teachings. The Tengyur is included in the Tibetan Buddhist Canon, which consi ..., namely the ''Devātiśāyastotraṭīkā'' (), the ''Udānavargavivara'', and the ''Viśeṣastavaṭikā'' () a commentary on Udbhaṭasiddhasvāmin's '' Viśeṣastava''.Schneider, Johannes (1993). ''Der Lobpreis der Vorzüglichkeit des Buddha.'' Bonn: Indica et Tibetica Verlag. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Budism
Buddhism, also known as Buddhadharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and List of philosophies, philosophical tradition based on Pre-sectarian Buddhism, teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century Before the Common Era, BCE. It is the Major religious groups, world's fourth-largest religion, with about 500 million followers, known as Buddhists, who comprise four percent of the global population. It arose in the eastern Gangetic plain as a movement in the 5th century BCE, and gradually spread throughout much of Asia. Buddhism has subsequently played a major role in Asian culture and spirituality, eventually spreading to Western world, the West in the 20th century. According to tradition, the Buddha instructed his followers in a path of bhavana, development which leads to Enlightenment in Buddhism, awakening and moksha, full liberation from ''Duḥkha, dukkha'' (). He regarded this path as a Middle Way between extremes su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stotra
''Stotra'' (Sanskrit: स्तोत्र) is a Sanskrit word that means "ode, eulogy or a hymn of praise."Monier Williams, Monier Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Article on 'Stotra'' It is a literary genre of Indian religious texts designed to be melodically sung, in contrast to a ''shastra'' which is composed to be recited. 'Stotra' derives from 'stu' meaning 'to praise' A stotra can be a prayer, a description, or a conversation, but always with a poetic structure. It may be a simple poem expressing praise and personal devotion to a deity for example, or poems with embedded spiritual and philosophical doctrines. A common feature of most stotras other than Nama stotras is the repetition of a line at the end of every verse. For example, the last line of every verse in the Mahiṣāsura Mardinī Stotra ends in "Jaya Jaya Hē Mahiṣāsura-mardini Ramyakapardini śailasute." Many ''stotra'' hymns praise aspects of the divine, such as Devi, Shiva, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tibetan Buddhist Canon
The Tibetan Buddhist canon is a compilation of the Buddhist sacred texts recognized by various schools of Tibetan Buddhism. The Canon includes the Kangyur, which is the Buddha's recorded teachings, and the Tengyur, which is commentaries by great masters on the Buddha's recorded teachings. The first translation into Tibetan of these manuscripts occurred in the 8th century and is referred to as the ''Ancient Translation School'' of the Nyingmas. The Tibetan Canon underwent another compilation in the 14th century by Buton Rinchen Drub (1290–1364). Again, the Tibetans divided the Buddhist texts into two broad categories: * Kangyur () or "Translated Words or Vacana", consists of works to have been said by the Buddha himself. All texts presumably have a Sanskrit original, although in many cases the Tibetan text was translated from Pali, Chinese, or other languages. * Tengyur () or "Translated Treatises or Shastras", is the section to which were assigned commentaries, treatis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; stem form ; nominal singular , ,) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in northwest South Asia after its predecessor languages had Trans-cultural diffusion, diffused there from the northwest in the late Bronze Age#South Asia, Bronze Age. Sanskrit is the sacred language of Hinduism, the language of classical Hindu philosophy, and of historical texts of Buddhism and Jainism. It was a lingua franca, link language in ancient and medieval South Asia, and upon transmission of Hindu and Buddhist culture to Southeast Asia, East Asia and Central Asia in the early medieval era, it became a language of religion and high culture, and of the political elites in some of these regions. As a result, Sanskrit had a lasting effect on the languages of South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia, especially in their formal and learned vocabularies. Sanskrit generally connotes several Indo-Aryan languages# ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tirthika
Tīrthika (, , "ford-maker," meaning one who is attempting to cross the stream of saṃsāra) in Buddhism is a term referring to non-Buddhist heretics. In the Tipitaka, the term ''titthiya'' may refer specifically to adherents of Jainism, Hinduism, and the six heretical teachers. Whereas a Buddhist takes refuge in the Three Jewels and treads the Middle Way between extremes, a ''titthiya'' does not. According to the ''Asoka Avadhana'', the ''titthiya''s that were jealous of Asoka's preaching of Buddhism gathered together and said to each other, "Should this king Asoka continue a worshipper of Buddha, all other persons encouraged by him would likewise become followers of Buddha." They then went to people's houses and declared that their religion is the true religion and that Buddhism gives no moksha. Tīrthika is associated with the Jain term tirthankara "ford-maker".Parpola, Asko, 2003. Sacred bathing place and transcendence: Dravidian kaTa(vuL) as the source of Indo-Aryan ghâT ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
India
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since 2023; and, since its independence in 1947, the world's most populous democracy. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is near Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia. Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago., "Y-Chromosome and Mt-DNA data support the colonization of South Asia by modern humans originating in Africa. ... Coalescence dates for most non-European populations averag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tibetan Languages
The Tibetic languages form a well-defined group of languages descending from Old Tibetan.Tournadre, Nicolas. 2014. "The Tibetic languages and their classification." In ''Trans-Himalayan linguistics, historical and descriptive linguistics of the Himalayan area''. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. According to Nicolas Tournadre, there are 50 Tibetic languages, which branch into more than 200 dialects, which could be grouped into eight Dialect continuum, dialect continua. These Tibetic languages are spoken in Tibet, Ladakh, Baltistan, Aksai Chin, Nepal, and in India in Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand. Classical Tibetan is the major literary language, particularly for its use in Tibetan Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhist scriptures and literature. Tibetan languages are spoken by some 6 million people, not all of whom are Tibetan people, Tibetan.preprint With the worldwide spread of Tibetan Buddhism, the Tibetan language has also spread into the western world and can be found in many Buddhist texts ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pandita (Buddhism)
In Buddhism, ''paṇḍita'' (Pali, Sanskrit; Tibetan: ''khepa''; Wylie transliteration, Wyl:'' mkhas pa'') is a term meaning "a wise, learned, or astute person". This term has been used by Buddhists in several Polysemy, distinct but related ways, all referring to people who have an understanding of the Buddhist teachings. Theravada Buddhism In Theravada Buddhism, as it is used in the Bāla-paṇḍita Sutta (Saṃyutta Nikāya, SN 12.19) and other suttas of the Pali Canon, pandita denotes those who possess Prajñā (Buddhism), wisdom or knowledge of the Dharma, Dhamma. Paṇḍita Sutta (:id:Aṅguttaranikāya, AN 3.45) describes three things recommended by astute true persons (''paṇḍita''), that is giving (''dāna''), going forth (''pabbajjā''), and taking care of your mother and father (''mātāpitūnaṁ'' ''upaṭṭhānaṁ''). Moreover, the wise person (''paṇḍita'') is also described as: * One who recognizes when they’ve made a mistake, and one who properly acce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
