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Vaballathus
Septimius Vaballathus (Palmyrene Aramaic: ; "Gift of Allāt"; 259 – c. 274 AD) was emperor of the Palmyrene Empire centred at Palmyra in the region of Syria. He came to power as a child under his regent mother Zenobia, who led a revolt against the Roman Empire and formed the independent Palmyrene Empire. Early life Lucius Julius Aurelius Septimius Vaballathus was born and raised in the city of Palmyra, an oasis settlement in the Syrian Desert in 259 to the king of kings of Palmyra, Odaenathus, and his second wife, the queen consort of Palmyra, Zenobia. Vaballathus is the Latinized form of his Palmyrene name, ''Wahballāt'', "Gift of Allāt". As the Arabian goddess Allāt came to be identified with Athena, he used ''Athenodorus'' as the Greek form of his name. He had a half-brother, Hairan I, born from his father and another woman, who reigned as co-king of kings with his father, and a lesser-known brother, Hairan II. He also might have had other brothers, who were men ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zenobia
Septimia Zenobia (Greek: Ζηνοβία, Palmyrene Aramaic: , ; 240 – c. 274) was a third-century queen of the Palmyrene Empire in Syria. Many legends surround her ancestry; she was probably not a commoner, and she married the ruler of the city, Odaenathus. Her husband became king in 260, elevating Palmyra to supreme power in the Near East by defeating the Sasanian Empire of Persia and stabilizing the Roman East. After Odaenathus' assassination, Zenobia became the regent of her son Vaballathus and held de facto power throughout his reign. In 270, Zenobia launched an invasion that brought most of the Roman East under her sway and culminated with the annexation of Egypt. By mid-271 her realm extended from Ancyra, central Anatolia, to Upper Egypt, although she remained nominally subordinate to Rome. However, in reaction to the campaign of the Roman emperor Aurelian in 272, Zenobia declared her son emperor and assumed the title of empress, thus declaring Palmyra's secession f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Odaenathus
Septimius Odaenathus (Greek language, Greek: Ὀδαίναθος, Palmyrene Aramaic: 𐡠𐡣𐡩𐡮𐡶 (file:Dynt.png, 35px), ; ; 220 – 267) was the founder king (malik) of the List of Palmyrene monarchs, Palmyrene Kingdom who ruled from Palmyra, Syria. He elevated the status of his kingdom from a regional center subordinate to Rome into a formidable state in South-West Asia. Odaenathus was born into an aristocratic Palmyrene family that had received Roman citizenship in the 190s under the Severan dynasty. He was the son of Hairan, the descendant of Nasor. The circumstances surrounding his rise are ambiguous; he became the lord (''ras'') of the city, a position created for him, as early as the 240s and by 258, he was styled a ''consularis'', indicating a high status in the Roman Empire. The defeat and captivity of Valerian (emperor), Emperor Valerian at the hands of the Sasanian Empire, Sasanian emperor Shapur I in 260 left the eastern Roman provinces largely at the mer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Palmyrene Empire
The Palmyrene Empire was a short-lived breakaway state from the Roman Empire resulting from the Crisis of the Third Century. Named after its capital city, Palmyra, it encompassed the Roman provinces of Syria Palaestina, Arabia Petraea, and Egypt (Roman province), Egypt, as well as large parts of Anatolia, Asia Minor. The Palmyrene Empire was ruled by Queen Zenobia, officially as regent for her son Vaballathus, who inherited the throne in 267 at age ten. In 270, Zenobia rapidly conquered most of the Roman east, attempting to maintain relations with Rome as a legitimate power. In 271, she claimed the imperial title for both herself and her son, fighting a short war with the Roman emperor Aurelian, who conquered Palmyra and captured Zenobia. A year later the Palmyrenes rebelled, which led Aurelian to raze Palmyra. Despite its brief existence, the Palmyrene Empire is remembered for having been ruled by one of the most ambitious and powerful women in antiquity. It is also hailed in mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Palmyra
Palmyra ( ; Palmyrene dialect, Palmyrene: (), romanized: ''Tadmor''; ) is an ancient city in central Syria. It is located in the eastern part of the Levant, and archaeological finds date back to the Neolithic period, and documents first mention the city in the early second millennium BCE. Palmyra changed hands on a number of occasions between different empires before becoming a subject of the Roman Empire in the first century CE. The city grew wealthy from caravan (travellers), trade caravans; the Palmyrenes became renowned as merchants who established colonies along the Silk Road and operated throughout the Roman Empire. Palmyra's wealth enabled the construction of monumental projects, such as the Great Colonnade at Palmyra, Great Colonnade, the Temple of Bel, and the distinctive tower tombs. Ethnically, the Palmyrenes combined elements of Amorites, Arameans, and Arabs. Socially structured around kinship and clans, Palmyra's inhabitants spoke Palmyrene Aramaic, a variety of A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Palmyrene Monarchs
Below is a list of Palmyrene monarchs, the monarchs that ruled and presided over the city of Palmyra and the subsequent Palmyrene Empire in the 3rd century AD, and the later vassal princes of the Al Fadl dynasty which ruled over the city in the 14th century. House of Odaenathus Odaenathus, the lord of Palmyra, declared himself king before riding into battle against the Sassanid Empire, Sassanians after news of the Roman Empire, Roman defeat at Battle of Edessa, Edessa reached him. This elevated Palmyra from a subordinate city to a de facto independent kingdom allied to Rome. Odaenathus later elevated himself to the title of King of Kings, crowning his son co-King of Kings in 263. The title was later passed to Vaballathus his son, before it was dropped for the title of King and later Emperor. Al Fadl dynasty References {{Reflist, 3 Palmyrene monarchs, * Lists of monarchs, Palmyrene ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Timolaus Of Palmyra
Timolaus of Palmyra (Latin: Timolaus) was reportedly a 3rd century Palmyrene nobleman, son of the king of kings Odaenathus (r. 252-267) and augustus Zenobia (r. 267-272). Little is known about him, and all the existing information comes from speculation. Such is the doubt of his existence that some scholars try to associate him with Vaballathus (r. 267-272), another of the sons of Odaenathus and Zenobia. Some authors believe he is an individual made up by the ''Historia Augusta'', the only historical source that cites him, and some speculate that he is in fact a historical figure. He appears only in 267, at the time of his father's assassination. Family Timolaus was the son of Odaenathus and his second wife Zenobia, grandson of Hairan I, great-grandson of Vaballathus, and great-great-grandson of Nasor. He was the half-brother of Hairan I, the fruit of Odaenathus' relationship with a previous wife. He also had two sisters, whose names are not known. It is known, however, that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hairan II
Hairan II was a Palmyrene prince, the son of king Odaenathus and, possibly, his second wife Zenobia. Seal RTP 736 The existence of Hairan was established by the discovery of a lead seal (code named RTP 736). The seal bears the images of two priests, one on each side. On one of the sides, the name of Odaenathus' son and successor Vaballathus Septimius Vaballathus (Palmyrene Aramaic: ; "Gift of Allāt"; 259 – c. 274 AD) was emperor of the Palmyrene Empire centred at Palmyra in the region of Syria. He came to power as a child under his regent mother Zenobia, who led a revolt ag ... was engraved under the image as a legend, while the name of Hairan was engraved on the other side. The name of Odaenathus was engraved on both sides. No name of a mother was engraved and the seal is undated. King Herodianus and Hairan II Odaenathus had another son, Hairan I, who appeared in different inscriptions dated from 251 AD onward. On a lead seal, the name of Septimius Herodianus, k ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Corrector
A corrector (English plural ''correctors'', Latin plural ''correctores'') is a person or object practicing correction, usually by removing or rectifying errors. The word is originally a Roman title, ''corrector'', derived from the Latin verb ''corrigere'', meaning "to make straight, set right, bring into order." Apart from the general sense of anyone who corrects mistakes, it has been used as, or part of (some commonly shortened again to Corrector), various specific titles and offices, sometimes quite distant from the original meaning. Secular offices Roman Antiquity The office of ''corrector'' first appears during the Principate in the reign of Trajan (r. 98–117), for extraordinary officials of senatorial rank, who were tasked with investigating and reforming the administration in the provinces. To this end, they were entrusted with full '' imperium maius'', which extended also to territories normally exempt from the authority of the Emperor's provincial governors: th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thirty Tyrants (Roman)
The Thirty Tyrants (Latin: ''Tyranni Triginta'') were a series of thirty rulers who appear in the ''Historia Augusta'', as having ostensibly been pretenders to the throne of the Roman Empire during the reign of the emperor Gallienus. Given the notorious unreliability of the ''Historia Augusta'', the veracity of this list is debatable. There is a scholarly consensus that the author deliberately inflated the number of pretenders in order to parallel the Thirty Tyrants of Athens. The ''Historia'' actually gives 32 names. The author, who wrote under the name of Trebellius Pollio, places the last two during the reigns of Maximinus Thrax and Claudius II respectively, leaving thirty alleged pretenders during the reign of Gallienus. The following list gives the Thirty Tyrants as depicted by the ''Historia Augusta'', along with notes contrasting the Historia Augusta's claims with their actual historical positions: Table Notwithstanding the author's pretensions regarding the time du ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hairan I
Septimius Herodianus or Hairan I (Palmyrene Aramaic: , ; 240 – 267) was a son and co-king of Odaenathus of Palmyra. Through his father's marriage to Zenobia, Hairan I had two half-brothers, Hairan II and Vaballathus. Life Hairan was born to Odaenathus and his first wife, whose name is unknown, and he was chosen early in his father's career to be his successor. In 251 he was mentioned in an inscription together with his father as senators and exarchs of Palmyra. Hairan was crowned king by his father; the evidence for the crowning is a dedication found inscribed on a statue base from Palmyra which is undated. However, the dedication was made by Septimius Worod as the duumviri of Palmyra, an office occupied by Worod between 263 and 264. Hence, the coronation took place c. 263. The dedication implied that Hairan defeated a Persian army on the Orontes River. The inscription celebrating Hairan's coronation called him Herodianus. It is possible that Hairan of the 251 inscription i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Septimius Antiochus
Septimius Antiochus (Greek: Άντίοχος; died after 273) was a Roman usurper in Syria during the 3rd century. In 272 AD, Emperor Aurelian had defeated the breakaway Kingdom of Palmyra; its king, Vaballathus, and his mother, Zenobia, were in Roman captivity. In 273 AD, another rebellion against Roman rule broke out in Palmyra. The rebels first approached Aurelian's governor, Marcellinus, about becoming emperor, but he pretended to consider the offer while sending a letter to Aurelian warning of the rebellion. While the rebels waited, they decided to elevate Septimius Antiochus, the reputed son of Zenobia, to the purple. When the emperor received Marcellinus' letter, he acted quickly, and the city was restored to Roman rule in the spring of 273. Aurelian punished the city severely, but is said to have spared Antiochus. Antiochus claimed to be descended from Queen Cleopatra VII Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator (; The name Cleopatra is pronounced , or sometimes in bot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Allāt
Al-Lat (, ), also spelled Allat, Allatu, and Alilat, is a pre-Islamic Arabian goddess, at one time worshipped under various associations throughout the entire Arabian Peninsula, including Mecca, where she was worshipped alongside Al-Uzza and Manat as one of the daughters of Allah. The word ''Allat'' or Elat has been used to refer to various goddesses in the ancient Near East, including the goddess Asherah-Athirat. She also is associated with the Great Goddess. The worship of al-Lat is attested in South Arabian inscriptions as Lat and Latan, but she had more prominence in north Arabia and the Hejaz, and her cult reached as far as Syria. The writers of the Safaitic script frequently invoked al-Lat in their inscriptions. She was also worshipped by the Nabataeans and was associated with al-'Uzza. The presence of her cult was attested in both Palmyra and Hatra. Under Greco-Roman influence, her iconography began to show the attributes of Athena, the Greek goddess of war, as well ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
