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Uthman Ibn Hayyan Al-Murri
Uthman ibn Hayyan al-Murri () was an 8th-century provincial governor and military commander for the Umayyad Caliphate. He served as the governor of Medina from 712 or 713 to 715. Career A member of the Banu Murra, Uthman was appointed over Medina during the reign of al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik () after being recommended to the caliph by al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, the powerful governor of Iraq. During his administration Uthman took harsh measures to crack down on anti-Umayyad elements in the city and punished a number of individuals who were suspected of engaging in sedition. He particularly took action against a large group of Iraqi emigres whose presence in Medina had caused the city to develop a reputation as a center of political dissent, forcibly deporting them back to al-Hajjaj in neck collars and threatening to demolish the homes of any Medinese who were caught providing shelter to them. At the urging of several Medinese citizens he also issued a directive to expel singers and adulter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Caliphal Governors Of Medina
In early Islamic history, the governor of Medina () was an official who administered the city of Medina and its surrounding territories. During the era of the Rashidun, Umayyad and early Abbasid caliphates, the governor was generally appointed by the Caliphate, caliph, and remained in office until he died or was dismissed. The governorship was one of the chief administrative positions in the Hejaz, Hijaz and carried with it certain symbolic privileges, including the opportunity to lead the annual Muslim Hajj, pilgrimage. Rashidun governors Known in pre-Islamic times as Yathrib, Medina (, meaning simply "The City") became the residence of the Prophets and messengers in Islam, Islamic prophet Muhammad following his Hegira, Hijrah from Mecca in 622 AD. Under Muhammad and the first three Rashidun caliphs, Medina acted as the capital of a rapidly increasing Muslim Empire, but its remoteness from the emerging power centers of Bilad al-Sham, Syria and Iraq eventually undermined its po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sulayman Ibn Abd Al-Malik
Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (, 24 September 717) was the seventh Umayyad Caliphate, Umayyad caliph, ruling from 715 until his death. He was the son of Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (r. 685–705) and Wallada bint al-Abbas. He began his career as governor of Jund Filastin, Palestine, while his father Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, Abd al-Malik () and brother al-Walid I () reigned as caliphs. There, the theologian Raja ibn Haywa, Raja ibn Haywa al-Kindi mentored him, and he forged close ties with Yazid ibn al-Muhallab, a major opponent of al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, al-Walid's powerful viceroy of Iraq and the eastern Caliphate. Sulayman resented al-Hajjaj's influence over his brother. As governor, Sulayman founded the city of Ramla and built the White Mosque (Ramla), White Mosque in it. The new city superseded Lod, Lydda as the district capital of Palestine. Lydda was at least partly destroyed and its inhabitants may have been forcibly relocated to Ramla, which developed into an econom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
8th-century Arab People
The 8th century is the period from 701 (represented by the Roman numerals DCCI) through 800 (DCCC) in accordance with the Julian Calendar. In the historiography of Europe the phrase the long 8th century is sometimes used to refer to the period of circa AD 660–820. The coast of North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula quickly came under Islamic Arab domination. The westward expansion of the Umayyad Empire was famously halted at the siege of Constantinople by the Byzantine Empire and the Battle of Tours by the Franks. The tide of Arab conquest came to an end in the middle of the 8th century.Roberts, J., '' History of the World'', Penguin, 1994. In Europe, late in the century, the Vikings, seafaring peoples from Scandinavia, begin raiding the coasts of Europe and the Mediterranean, and go on to found several important kingdoms. In Asia, the Pala Empire is founded in Bengal. The Tang dynasty reaches its pinnacle under Chinese Emperor Xuanzong. The Nara period begins in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Umar II
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan (; February 720) was the eighth Umayyad caliph, ruling from 717 until his death in 720. He is credited to have instituted significant reforms to the Umayyad central government, by making it much more efficient and egalitarian. His rulership is marked by the first official collection of hadiths and the mandated universal education to the populace. He dispatched emissaries to China and Tibet, inviting their rulers to accept Islam. It was during his three-year reign that Islam was accepted by huge segments of the populations of Persia and Egypt. He also ordered the withdrawal of the Muslim forces in various fronts such as in Constantinople, Central Asia and Septimania. However despite this, his reign witnessed the Umayyads gaining many new territories in the Iberian Peninsula. Umar is regarded by many Sunni scholars as the first mujaddid and is sometimes referred to as the "fifth rightly guided caliph" due to his reputation for just governance. Som ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-'Awasim
''Al-ʿAwāṣim'' (, "the defences, fortifications"; sing. ''al-ʿāṣimah'', , "protectress") was the Arabic term used to refer to the Muslim side of the frontier zone between the Byzantine Empire and the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates in Cilicia, northern Syria and Upper Mesopotamia. It was established in the early 8th century, once the first wave of the Muslim conquests ebbed, and lasted until the mid-10th century, when the Byzantine advance overran it. It comprised the forward marches, comprising a chain of fortified strongholds, known as ''al-thughūr'' (; sing. ''al-thaghr'', , "cleft, opening"), and the rear or inner regions of the frontier zone, which was known as ''al-ʿawāṣim'' proper. On the Byzantine side, the Muslim marches were mirrored by the institution of the kleisourai and the akritai (border guards). The term ''thughūr'' was also used in the marches of al-Andalus and Transoxiana, and was revived by the Mamluk Sultanate in the 14th century, when the area ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abd Al-Rahman Ibn Al-Dahhak Ibn Qays Al-Fihri
Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri () was an eighth-century governor of Medina (720–723) and Mecca (721/2–723) for the Umayyad Caliphate. Career Abd al-Rahman was the son of al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri, a Qurayshite leader of the Qays tribes who was killed at the Battle of Marj Rahit in 684. He himself was appointed governor of Medina at the beginning of the caliphate of Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik (r. 720–724), and was additionally given jurisdiction over Mecca in 721 or 722. He was also selected by Yazid to lead the pilgrimages of 720, 721 and 722. As governor, Abd al-Rahman was unpopular with Medina's notables due to his refusal to consult with the city's prominent citizens, and he was accused of treating its old elites, the Ansar, in a contemptuous manner. He had a particularly tense relationship with his immediate predecessor, the Ansari Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad ibn Amr ibn Hazm, and eventually had Abu Bakr flogged after receiving instructions from the caliph to o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hudud
''Hudud'' is an Arabic word meaning "borders, boundaries, limits". The word is applied in classical Islamic literature to punishments (ranging from public lashing, public stoning to death, amputation of hands, crucifixion, depending on the crime), for a limited number of crimes (murder, adultery, slander, theft, etc.), for which punishments have been determined (or traditionally thought to have been determined) in the verses of Quran. In classical Islamic literature, punishments are mainly of three types; Qisas-diya, Hudud, and Ta'zeer. Hudud covers the punishments given to people who exceed the limits associated with the Quran and deemed to be set by Allah (Hududullah is a phrase repeated several times in the Quran without labeling any type of crime), and in this respect it differs from Ta'zeer (). These punishments were applied in pre-modern Islam, Wael Hallaq (2009), ''An introduction to Islamic law'', p.173. Cambridge University Press. . and their use in some modern st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yazid II
Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (; — 26 January 724), commonly known as Yazid II, was the ninth Umayyad caliph, ruling from 720 until his death in 724. Although he lacked administrative or military experience, he derived prestige from his lineage, being a descendant of both ruling branches of the Umayyad dynasty, the Sufyanids who founded the Umayyad Caliphate in 661 and the Marwanids who succeeded them in 684. He was designated by his half-brother, Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik (), as second-in-line to the succession after their cousin Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, Umar (), as a compromise with the sons of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, Abd al-Malik (). He reversed the reformist policies of Umar, mainly by reimposing the jizya (poll tax) on the (non-Arab Muslim converts) and resuming the war efforts on the frontiers of the Caliphate, especially against the Khazar Khaganate, Khazars in the Transcaucasia, Caucasus and the Byzantine Empire, Byzantines in Anatolia. Yazid's moves were in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abdallah Ibn Amr Ibn Uthman Ibn Affan
Abd Allah (), also spelled Abdullah, Abdhullah, Abdellah, Abdollah, Abdallah, Abdulla, Abdalla and many others, is an Arabic theophoric name meaning ''servant of God'' or "God's follower". It is built from the Arabic words '' abd'' () and ''Allāh'' (). Although the first letter "a" in ''Allāh'', as the first letter of the article ''al-'', is usually unstressed in Arabic, it is usually stressed in the pronunciation of this name. The variants ''Abdollah'' and ''Abdullah'' represent the elision of this "a" following the "u" of the Classical Arabic nominative case (pronounced in Persian). Humility before God is an essential value of Islam, hence ''Abdullah'' is a common name among Muslims. The name of the Islamic prophet Muhammad's father was Abdullah. As the prophet's father died before his birth, this indicates that the name was already in use in pre-Islamic Arabia. It is also common among Mizrahi Jews and Sephardic Jews, especially Iraqi Jews and Syrian Jews. Among the latter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qadi
A qadi (; ) is the magistrate or judge of a Sharia court, who also exercises extrajudicial functions such as mediation, guardianship over orphans and minors, and supervision and auditing of public works. History The term '' was in use from the time of Muhammad during the early history of Islam, and remained the term used for judges throughout Islamic history and the period of the caliphates. While the and played the role in elucidation of the principles of Islamic jurisprudence () and the Islamic law (), the qadi remained the key person ensuring the establishment of justice on the basis of these very laws and rules. Thus, the qadi was chosen from amongst those who had mastered the sciences of jurisprudence and law. The office of qadi continued to be a very important one in every principality of the caliphates and sultanates of the various Muslim empires over the centuries. The rulers appointed a qadi in every region, town, and village for judicial and administrative cont ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khalid Al-Qasri
Khālid ibn ʿAbdallāh al-Qasrī (; died 743) was an Arab who served the Umayyad Caliphate as governor of Mecca in the 8th century and of Iraq from 724 until 738. The latter post, entailing as it did control over the entire eastern Caliphate, made him one of the most important officials during the crucial reign of Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. He is most notable for his support of the Yaman tribes in the conflict with the Qays who dominated the administration of Iraq and the East under his predecessor and successor. Following his dismissal, he was twice imprisoned and in 734 tortured to death by his successor, Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi. Origin and early life Khalid was born in Damascus. He was a member of the Tihamite Qasr clan, a subtribe of the Bajila, of which his great-grandfather Asad ibn Kurz al-Qasri is said by some traditions to have been the chief in the times of Muhammad, and is accounted as one of the Prophet's Companions. Other traditions, however, hostile to K ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Walid I
Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (; – 23 February 715), commonly known as al-Walid I (), was the sixth Umayyad caliph, ruling from October 705 until his death in 715. He was the eldest son of his predecessor, Caliph Abd al-Malik (). As a prince, he led annual raids against the Byzantines from 695 to 698 and built or restored fortifications along the Syrian Desert route to Mecca. He became heir apparent in , after the death of the designated successor, Abd al-Malik's brother Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan. Under al-Walid, his father's efforts to centralize government, impose a more Arabic and Islamic character on the state, and expand its borders were continued. He heavily depended on al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, his father's powerful viceroy over the eastern half of the caliphate. During his reign, armies commissioned by al-Hajjaj conquered Sind and Transoxiana in the east, while the troops of Musa ibn Nusayr, the governor of Ifriqiya, conquered the Maghreb and Hispania in the w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
