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Urgel Regency
The Urgel Regency (in Spanish: ''Regencia de Urgel'') was an interim government, or interregnum, expressly authorised by Fernando VII towards the end of May 1822. It was formed on 14García Terrel, A. María (1996)"Bernardo Mozo de Rosales...". ''Archivo Hispalense'', pp. 34–37.Diputación de Sevilla. Retrieved 28 December 2022. or 15 August 1822,Urquijo Goitia, José Ramón"Bernardo Mozo de Rosales." ''Diccionario Biográfico electrónico'' (''DB~e'').''Real Academia de la Historia''. Retrieved 25 December 2022. during the Liberal Triennium (''Trienio Liberal''), by the Spanish absolutists, or Royalists, supporters of Fernando VII, who opposed the Constitutional Government that (basing itself on the Spanish Constitution of 1812) had resulted from the Spanish Revolution of 1820. The Regency's leading figures were Bernardo Mozo de Rosales, Marquis of Mataflorida; Baron de Eroles; and Jaime Creux, Archbishop-elect of Tarragona. Based in Seo de Urgel, the city-fortress taken ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Provisional Government
A provisional government, also called an interim government, an emergency government, a transitional government or provisional leadership, is a temporary government formed to manage a period of transition, often following state collapse, revolution, civil war, or some combination thereof. Provisional governments generally come to power in connection with a grave crisis that has caused the previous government to suddenly and irreversibly collapse, such as economic collapse, civil war, Debellatio, defeat in a foreign war, revolution, or the death of a long-serving authoritarian ruler. Questions of democratic transition and state-building are often fundamental to the formation and policies of such governments. Provisional governments maintain Power (social and political), power until a new government can be appointed by a regular political process, which is generally an election. They may be involved with defining the legal structure of subsequent regimes, guidelines related to huma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Evaristo Fernández De San Miguel
Evaristo José Fernández San Miguel y Valledor, Duke of San Miguel (26 October 1785–29 May 1862) was a Spanish soldier, politician and writer. He was a deputy in the Cortes Generales in the legislatures of 1841, 1846, 1854-1856. He was named Senator for life in 1851 and Captain General in 1856.. Feito Rodríguez, Honorio"Evaristo José Fernández San Miguel y Valledor." ''Diccionario Biográfico electrónico'' (''DB~e'').''Real Academia de la Historia''. Retrieved 30 December 2022. Military career After having studied Mathematics at the Real Instituto Asturiano in Gijón, and Humanities at Oviedo University,. Gil Novales, Alberto (2010)''Diccionario biográfico de España (1808-1833)'': A/F, pp. 1077-1079.Fundación Mapfre. Retrieved 31 December 2022. San Miguel joined the Army as a cadet in May 1805 in the Regimiento Primero de Voluntarios de Aragón, together with his brother Santos, who would later be promoted to lieutenant general. At the start of the Peninsular War, San ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Francisco Espoz Y Mina
Francisco Espoz y Mina IlundáinReferred to in the Spanish literature, and by Oman (Oman 1908, pp. 116, 286), by his first surname, Espoz y Mina, or simply Espoz (Cassinello ''op. cit.'') to distinguish him from his nephew, Francisco Javier Mina y Larrea, who is normally referred to as Javier, or Xavier Mina. Oman, on occasion, also lapses into the simple 'Mina' when referring to the former (Oman 1908, 490–491.). (1781–1836) was a Spanish guerrilla leader and general. Espoz y Mina is considered the most important guerrillero of the Peninsular War for three reasons: by positioning himself so close to the French forces and their lines of communication he was able to harass them continuously; the direct outcome of his field of operations, which limited the resources the French army could deploy elsewhere; and because, unlike many other guerrilleros, he did not resort to plundering the villages within his domain. Rather, he set up a civil administration with which he was able t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carlos De España
Carlos de España, 1st Conde de España (15 August 1775 – 1839), also known as Charles d'Espagnac or, from 1817, Carlos d'Espagne,. Losada, Juan Carlos''El País''. Retrieved 16 September 2013. was a French-born Spanish general who saw distinguished service in the Peninsular War, and as governor of Barcelona, was an opponent of Spanish liberals. In his letters and dispatches, Wellington refers to him as Carlos de España. Early career Peninsular War He fought at the Battle of the Gebora, and was wounded fighting under the orders of General Beresford at the Battle of Albuera.. Bullón de Mendoza y Gómez de Valugera, Alfonso"Carlos de España".Real Academia de la Historia. Retrieved 6 May 2023. Following that battle, he was promoted to field marshal. On 1 June 1811, and now a brigadier general, Carlos de España's 1st Division, part of General Francisco Javier Castaños's 5th Army, or Army of Estremadura, numbered 3,476 men present under arms. Oman, Charles (1911)''A Histo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Klemens Von Metternich
Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar, Prince of Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein ( ; 15 May 1773 – 11 June 1859), known as Klemens von Metternich () or Prince Metternich, was a German statesman and diplomat in the service of the Austrian Empire. A conservative, Metternich was at the center of the European balance of power known as the Concert of Europe for three decades as Austrian foreign minister from 1809 and chancellor from 1821 until the liberal Revolutions of 1848 forced his resignation. Born into the House of Metternich in 1773 as the son of a diplomat, Metternich received a good education at the universities of Strasbourg and Mainz. Metternich rose through key diplomatic posts, including ambassadorial roles in the Kingdom of Saxony, the Kingdom of Prussia, and especially Napoleonic France. One of his first assignments as Foreign Minister was to engineer a détente with France that included the marriage of Napoleon to the Austrian archduchess Marie Louise. Soon after ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christian Günther Von Bernstorff
Count Christian Günther von Bernstorff (; 3 April 1769 – 18 March 1835) was a Danish and Prussian statesman and diplomat. Early life and career Bernstorff was born in Copenhagen on 3 April 1769 to Count Andreas Peter von Bernstorff. He was educated for the diplomatic service under his father's direction. He began his career in 1787, as attaché to the representative of Denmark at the opening of the Diet of Sweden. In 1789, he went as secretary of legation to Berlin, where his maternal uncle, Count Leopold Friedrich zu Stolberg, was Danish ambassador. His uncle's influence, as well as his own social qualities, obtained him rapid promotion; he was soon chargé d'affaires, and in 1791 minister plenipotentiary. In 1794, he exchanged this post for the important one of ambassador at Stockholm, where he remained until May 1797, when he was summoned to Copenhagen to act as substitute for his father during his illness. On the death of the latter (21 June), he succeeded him as secret ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ultra-royalist
The Ultra-royalists (, collectively Ultras) were a Politics of France, French political faction from 1815 to 1830 under the Bourbon Restoration in France, Bourbon Restoration. An Ultra was usually a member of the nobility of high society who strongly supported Roman Catholicism as the state and only legal religion of France, the House of Bourbon, Bourbon monarchy, Social class, traditional hierarchy between classes and Suffrage#Census suffrage, census suffrage (privileged voting rights), while rejecting the political philosophy of General will, popular will and the interests of the bourgeoisie along with their Liberalism, liberal and Liberal democracy, democratic tendencies. The Legitimists, another of the main Right-wing politics, right-wing factions identified in René Rémond's ''Les Droites en France'', were disparagingly classified with the Ultras after the 1830 July Revolution by the victors, the Orléanists, who deposed the Bourbon dynasty for the more liberal king Louis P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ultramontanism
Ultramontanism is a clerical political conception within the Catholic Church that places strong emphasis on the prerogatives and powers of the Pope. It contrasts with Gallicanism, the belief that popular civil authority—often represented by the monarch's or state's authority—over the Church is comparable to that of the Pope. History The term descends from the Middle Ages, when a non-Italian pope was said to be ''papa ultramontano –'' a pope from beyond the mountains (the Alps).Benigni, Umberto. "Ultramontanism." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 6 January 2019 Foreign students at medieval Italian universities also were referred to as ''ultramontani''. After the [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathieu De Montmorency
Mathieu Jean Felicité de Montmorency, 1st Duke of Montmorency-Laval (10 July 1767 – 24 March 1826) was a French statesman during the French Revolution and Bourbon Restoration. He was elected as the youngest deputy to the Estates-General of 1789. He is also known for his military expertise and his relation with Mme de Staël. When France became a republic, Montmorency turned into an ultra-royalist. Napoleon regarded him as a member of the Catholic opposition. During the Restoration, he became Minister of Foreign Affairs. Early life Mathieu de Montomorency was born in Paris, France on 10 July 1767. He was the son of Mathieu Paul Louis de Montmorency, vicomte de Laval (1748–1809), and Catherine Jeanne Tavernier de Boullongne (d. 1838). Montmorency's father was a scion of one of the oldest noble families in France, while his wife was the daughter of an aristocratic French planter in Guadeloupe. Montmorency went on to seek higher education at Collège du Plessis, where he de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holy Alliance
The Holy Alliance (; ), also called the Grand Alliance, was a coalition linking the absolute monarchist great powers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia, which was created after the final defeat of Napoleon at the behest of Emperor Alexander I of Russia and signed in Paris on 26 September 1815. The alliance aimed to restrain liberalism in Europe in the wake of the devastating French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars; it nominally succeeded in this until the Crimean War. Chancellor Otto von Bismarck managed to reunite the Holy Alliance, as League of the Three Emperors, following the unification of Germany in 1871. However the alliance faltered by the 1880s due to Austrian and Russian conflicts of interest over the decline of the Ottoman Empire. Establishment Apparently, the alliance was formed to instil the divine right of kings and Christian values in European political life, as pursued by Alexander I under the influence of his spiritual adviser Baroness Barbara von Krüd ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karl Nesselrode
Karl Robert Reichsgraf von Nesselrode-Ehreshoven, also known as Charles de Nesselrode (; 14 December 1780 – 23 March 1862), was a Foreign policy of the Russian Empire, Russian diplomat of German nobility, German noble descent. For 40 years (1816–1856), Nesselrode guided Russian policy as Minister of Foreign Affairs (Russia), foreign minister. He was also a leading European conservative statesman of the Holy Alliance. Early life Karl was born at sea near Lisbon, Kingdom of Portugal, Portugal into the prominent Uradel German House of Nesselrode, which originated in the Bergisches Land near the Rhine. His father Count Wilhelm Karl von Nesselrode (1724–1810), a Count of the Holy Roman Empire, served at the time as the ambassador to Portugal for the German-born Catherine the Great, Russian empress. His mother was Louise :fr:Famille Gontard, Gontard (1746–1785), whose family belonged to Huguenot noble families from Dauphiné that fled from France to Germany in 1700. In de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Congress Of Verona
The Congress of Verona met at Verona from 20 October to 14 December 1822 as part of the series of international conferences or congresses that opened with the Congress of Vienna in 1814–15, which had instituted the Concert of Europe at the close of the Napoleonic Wars. Representation The Quintuple Alliance was represented by the following persons: * : Emperor Alexander I and Count Karl Robert Nesselrode (minister of foreign affairs). Count George Mocenigo (Ambassador of Russia in Turin) was also present; * : Prince Metternich; * : Prince Hardenberg and Count Christian Gunther von Bernstorff; * : Anne-Adrien-Pierre de Montmorency-Laval (minister of Foreign Affairs) and François-René de Chateaubriand; * : The Duke of Wellington, who was taking the place of Foreign Secretary Lord Londonderry after the latter's suicide on the eve of the congress. Accompanying Wellington was the British ambassador to Austria, the new Lord Londonderry, the younger brother of the f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
