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Uncaria Gambir
''Uncaria gambir'', the gambier or gambir, is a species of plant in the genus ''Uncaria'' found in Southeast Asia, mainly Malaysia and Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, .... Extract Gambier extract is used or has been used as a catechu for chewing with areca and betel, for tanning and dyeing, and as herbal medicine. Gambier extract was also used by native people as a medical treatment or prevention of diseases that were believed to be spread by the now obsolete medical theory of miasma. The Indians invented ''paan'', a gambir paste, that was believed to help prevent miasma; it was considered as the first antimiasmatic application. The gambir tree is found in Southern India and Sri Lanka. References * * gambir {{Cinchonoideae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uncaria
''Uncaria'' is a genus of flowering plants in the Family (biology), family Rubiaceae. It has about 40 species.''Uncaria'' At: World Checklist of Rubiaceae At: Kew Gardens Website. (see ''External links'' below). Their Range (biology), distribution is pantropical, with most species Indigenous (ecology), native to tropical Asia, three from Africa and the Mediterranean basin, Mediterranean and two from the neotropics.David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. They are known Common name, colloquially as gambier, cat's claw or uña de gato. The latter two names are shared with several other plants. The type species for the genus is ''Uncaria guianensis''.''Uncaria'' In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In: Regnum Vegetabile (see ''External links'' below). Indonesian Gambier (''uncaria gambir, U. gambir'') is a large tropical vine with leaves typical of the genus, being Phyllotaxis, opposite and about long. The South American ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William Hunter (Asiatic Society)
William Hunter (1755 in Montrose, Angus – 1812) was an official and minister in India, then secretary to the Asiatic Society The Asiatic Society is an organisation founded during the Company rule in India to enhance and further the cause of " Oriental research" (in this case, research into India and the surrounding regions). It was founded by the philologist Will ... in Calcutta, Bengal. He made one of the first Bible translations into Hindi. He studied at the University of Aberdeen and went to India in 1781. He succeeded John Borthwick Gilchrist as the secretary of the Asiatic Society in 1804 and in 1805 was made the Secretary of the college.The Asiatic Society, 1784-1984: bicentenary souvenir Asiatic Society (Calcutta, India) 1984 "Already in 1805 the Secretary of the Society, William Hunter had been made the Secretary of the College. In 1808 .." Publications William Hunter; "Observations on Nauclea gambin, : the plant producing the drug called gutta gambeer with c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William Roxburgh
William Roxburgh FRSE FRCPE Linnean Society of London, FLS (3/29 June 1751 – 18 February 1815) was a Scottish people, Scottish surgeon and botanist who worked extensively in India, describing species and working on economic botany. He is known as the founding father of Indian botany. He published numerous works on Indian botany, illustrated by careful drawings made by Indian artists and accompanied by taxonomic descriptions of many plant species. Apart from the numerous species that he named, many species were named in his honour by his collaborators. He was the first to document the existence of the Ganges river dolphin. Early life He was born on 3 June 1751 on the Underwood estate near Craigie, South Ayrshire, Craigie in Ayrshire and christened on 29 June 1751 at the nearby church at Symington, South Ayrshire, Symington. His father may have worked in the Underwood estate or he may have been the illegitimate son of a well-connected family. His early education was at Underwood ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1824 In Science
The year 1824 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy * Franz von Paula Gruithuisen explains the formation of craters on the Moon as a result of meteorite impacts. * William Pearson publishes ''An Introduction to Practical Astronomy''. Biology * John Curtis begins publication of ''British Entomology'' in London. * Thomas Say begins publication of ''American Entomology, or Descriptions of the Insects of North America'' in Philadelphia, including the first description of the Colorado potato beetle. Climatology * Joseph Fourier calculates that the Earth would be far colder if it lacked an atmosphere. Mathematics * Niels Henrik Abel partially proves that the general quintic or higher equations cannot be solved by a general formula involving only arithmetical operations and roots. * Augustin-Louis Cauchy proves convergence of the Euler method, using the implicit Euler method. Paleontology * The Rev. Professor William Buckland becomes t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Mainland Australia, Australian mainland, which is part of Oceania. Southeast Asia is bordered to the north by East Asia, to the west by South Asia and the Bay of Bengal, to the east by Oceania and the Pacific Ocean, and to the south by Australia (continent), Australia and the Indian Ocean. Apart from the British Indian Ocean Territory and two out of Atolls of the Maldives, 26 atolls of the Maldives in South Asia, Maritime Southeast Asia is the only other subregion of Asia that lies partly within the Southern Hemisphere. Mainland Southeast Asia is entirely in the Northern Hemisphere. Timor-Leste and the southern portion of Indonesia are the parts of Southeast Asia that lie south of the equator. The region lies near the intersection of Plate tectonics, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malaysia
Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia. Featuring the Tanjung Piai, southernmost point of continental Eurasia, it is a federation, federal constitutional monarchy consisting of States and federal territories of Malaysia, 13 states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two regions: Peninsular Malaysia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula and East Malaysia on the island of Borneo. Peninsular Malaysia shares land and maritime Malaysia–Thailand border, borders with Thailand, as well as maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, and Indonesia; East Malaysia shares land borders with Brunei and Indonesia, and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam. Kuala Lumpur is the country's national capital, List of cities and towns in Malaysia by population, largest city, and the seat of the Parliament of Malaysia, legislative branch of the Government of Malaysia, federal government, while Putrajaya is the federal administrative capi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea, Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and the List of countries and dependencies by area, 14th-largest country by area, at . With over 280 million people, Indonesia is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fourth-most-populous country and the most populous Islam by country, Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's List of islands by population, most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population. Indonesia operates as a Presidential system, presidential republic with an elected People's Consultative Assembly, legislature and consists of Provinces of Indonesia, 38 provinces, nine of which have Autonomous administrative divisi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gambier (extract)
Gambier or gambir is an extract derived from the leaves of ''Uncaria gambir'', a climbing shrub native to tropical Southeast Asia. Gambier is produced in Indonesia and Malaysia where it was an important trade item into the late nineteenth century. It can be used as a Tanning (leather), tanning agent, a brown dye, a food additive and as herbal medicine. Also known as pale catechu, white catechu or Japan Earth, it is often confused with other forms of catechu. History Gambier production began as a traditional occupation in the Malay archipelago. By the middle of the seventeenth century, it was established in Sumatra and in the western parts of Java and the Malay Peninsula, Malay peninsula. It was initially used as medicine and chewed with betel. Local Chinese also began to use gambier to tan hides. Chinese first got involved in gambier production at Riau, using coolie labor and growing black pepper as a supplemental crop. Bugis merchants traded the gambier for rice from Java and Si ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catechu
( or ) is an extract of acacia trees used variously as a food additive, astringent, tannin, and dye. It is extracted from several species of Acacia, but especially ''Senegalia catechu'' (previously called ''Acacia catechu''), by boiling the wood in water and evaporating the resulting brew. The Malay name is the basis of the Latinized ''catechu'' chosen as the Linnaean taxonomy name of the plant species which provides the extract. Uses As an astringent it has been used since ancient times in Ayurvedic medicine as well as in breath-freshening spice mixtures—for example in France and Italy it is used in some licorice pastilles. It is also an important ingredient in South Asian cooking paan mixtures, such as ready-made paan masala and gutka. The catechu mixture is high in natural vegetable tannins (which accounts for its astringent effect), and may be used for the tanning of animal hides. Early research by Humphry Davy in the early 19th century first demonstrated the use ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Areca
''Areca'' is a genus of 51 species of Arecaceae, palms in the family (biology), family Arecaceae, found in humid tropical forests from the islands of the Philippines and Malaysia, India, and across Southeast Asia to Melanesia. The generic name ''Areca'' is derived from a name used locally on the Malabar Coast of India. Usage The best-known member of the genus is ''Areca catechu, A. catechu'', the areca nut palm. Several species of areca nuts, known for their bitter and tangy taste, raw or dried, are routinely used for chewing, especially in combination with the leaves of betel and dried leaves of tobacco. Areca nut is also popularly referred to as betel nut because of its use for chewing with betel leaves. In Assam, areca nut is also known as ''tamul'' in the local dialect. Cultural significance The areca palm, mainly known for its areca nuts, holds profound cultural and historical significance in Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. These regions, steeped in ri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Betel
Betel (''Piper betle'') is a species of flowering plant in the pepper family Piperaceae, native to Southeast Asia. It is an evergreen, dioecious vine, with glossy heart-shaped leaves and white catkins. Betel plants are cultivated for their leaves which are most commonly used as flavoring for chewing areca nut in so-called ''betel quid'' (often confusingly referred to as "betel nut"), which is toxic and is associated with a wide range of serious health conditions. Etymology The term betel was derived from the Malayalam/Tamil word ''vettila'' via Portuguese. Distribution ''Piper betle'' is originally native to Southeast Asia, from India, Philippines, Timor-Leste and Indonesia and Peninsular Malaysia to Indochina, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Myanmar. Its cultivation has spread along with the Austronesian migrations and trade to other parts of Island Southeast Asia, Papua New Guinea and Melanesia, Micronesia, South Asia, the Maldives, Mauritius, Réunion Island, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tanning (leather)
Tanning, or hide tanning, is the process of treating Skinning, skins and Hide (skin), hides of animals to produce leather. A tannery is the place where the skins are processed. Historically, vegetable based tanning used tannin, an acidic chemical compound derived from the bark of certain trees, in the production of leather. An alternative method, developed in the 1800s, is chrome tanning, where chromium salts are used instead of natural tannins. History Tanning hide into leather involves a process which permanently alters the protein structure of skin, making it more durable and less susceptible to decomposition and coloring. The place where hides are processed is known as a ''tannery''. The English word for tanning is from the medieval Latin verb , from the noun (oak bark). This term may be derived from a Celtic word related to the Proto-Indo-European *' meaning 'fir tree'. (The same root is the source for Old High German meaning 'fir', related to modern German ''Tannenb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
