Ultrasonic Atomization
Ultrasonic atomization is a process in which a liquid, in contact with a surface vibrating at ultrasonic frequencies, forms standing Capillary wave, capillary waves that lead to the ejection of fine droplets. As the amplitude of these waves increases, the wave crests can reach a critical height where the cohesive forces of the liquid are overcome by the surface tension, leading to the ejection of small droplets from the wave tips. Mechanism and principles The formation of droplets during ultrasonic atomization remains complex and not fully understood, though several theories attempt to explain it. One leading theory, the capillary wave hypothesis by Lang, suggests that droplets form at the peaks of capillary waves on the liquid surface. Lang developed a formula that relates droplet size to capillary wavelength. The average diameter estimation was obtained using a constant that was later adjusted by Yasuda to better predict smaller droplet sizes in the micrometer range. This pred ...
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Liquid
Liquid is a state of matter with a definite volume but no fixed shape. Liquids adapt to the shape of their container and are nearly incompressible, maintaining their volume even under pressure. The density of a liquid is usually close to that of a solid, and much higher than that of a gas. Therefore, liquid and solid are classified as condensed matter. Meanwhile, since both liquids and gases can flow, they are categorized as fluids. A liquid is composed of atoms or molecules held together by intermolecular bonds of intermediate strength. These forces allow the particles to move around one another while remaining closely packed. In contrast, solids have particles that are tightly bound by strong intermolecular forces, limiting their movement to small vibrations in fixed positions. Gases, on the other hand, consist of widely spaced, freely moving particles with only weak intermolecular forces. As temperature increases, the molecules in a liquid vibrate more intensely, causi ...
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