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Ultra-Romanticism
Ultra-Romanticism ( pt, Ultrarromantismo) was a Portuguese and Brazilian literary movement that took place during the second half of the 19th. Aesthetically similar to (but not exactly the same as) the German- and British-originated Dark Romanticism, it was typified by a tendency to exaggerate the norms and ideals of Romanticism, namely the value of subjectivity, individualism, amorous idealism, nature and the medieval world. The Ultra-Romantics generated literary works of highly contendable quality, some of them being considered as "romance of knife and earthenware bowl", given the succession of bloody crimes that they invariably described, which realists fiercely denounced. In Portugal, the first Ultra-Romantic piece ever written was the poem ''O noivado do sepulcro'' ("The tombstone engagement") by António Augusto Soares de Passos, while in Brazil the first major Ultra-Romantic works were the books ''Lira dos Vinte Anos'' (''Twenty-year-old Lyre'') and '' Noite na Taverna'' (' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fagundes Varela
Luís Nicolau Fagundes Varela (August 17, 1841 – February 18, 1875) was a Brazilian Romantic poet, adept of the " Ultra-Romanticism" movement. He is patron of the 11th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. Biography Luís Nicolau Fagundes Varela was born in Rio Claro in 1841, to Emiliano Fagundes Varela and Emília de Andrade. He spent most of his childhood at the farm where he was born, later moving to innumerous places, among them the city of Catalão, Goiás, where he met Bernardo Guimarães. Returning to Rio de Janeiro, he lived in Angra dos Reis and Petrópolis, where he concluded his primary and secondary studies. In 1859, he went to São Paulo and, in 1862, he enrolled at the Largo de São Francisco Law School, but abandoned it to dedicate himself to the literature and to the bohemianism. He published his first poetry book, ''Noturnas'', one year before. He married a circus artist from Sorocaba, Alice Guilhermina Luande. This provoked a scandal in his family an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Romanticism
Romanticism (also known as the Romantic movement or Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism, clandestine literature, paganism, idealization of nature, suspicion of science and industrialization, and glorification of the past with a strong preference for the medieval rather than the classical. It was partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, the social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment, and the scientific rationalization of nature. It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography, education, chess, social sciences, and the natural sciences. It had a significant and complex effect on politics, with romantic thinkers influencing conservatism, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Álvares De Azevedo
Manuel Antônio Álvares de Azevedo (September 12, 1831 – April 25, 1852), affectionately called "Maneco" by his close friends, relatives and admirers, was a Brazilian Romantic poet, short story writer, playwright and essayist, considered to be one of the major exponents of Ultra-Romanticism and Gothic literature in Brazil. His works tend to play heavily with opposite notions, such as love and death, platonism and sarcasm, sentimentalism and pessimism, among others, and have a strong influence of Musset, Chateaubriand, Lamartine, Goethe and – above all – Byron. All of his works were published posthumously due to his premature death at only 20 years old after a horse-riding accident. They acquired a strong cult following as years went by, particularly among youths of the goth subculture. He is the patron of the second chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters, and of the ninth chair of the Paulista Academy of Letters. Biography Azevedo was born into a wealthy family in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Condorism
Condorism (in pt, Condorismo or ) was a Brazilian literary movement that lasted from the mid-1860s until the early 1880s. It is a subdivision of Brazilian Romanticism, being thus called "the third phase of Brazilian Romanticism", preceded by the Indianism and the Ultra-Romanticism. Condorism was created by the poet Tobias Barreto, who was one of its most significant figures alongside Castro Alves and Pedro Luís Pereira de Sousa. The name "Condorism" comes from the condor, a bird of solitary and high flight, said to be capable of seeing things from a great distance. Condorist poets believed they had this same ability, and should use it to educate people in the ways of justice and freedom. Sometimes (albeit very rarely) Condorism is also called Hugoanism (in pt, Hugoanismo), after Victor Hugo, who served as the major Condorist influence. Characteristics Condorism changed Brazilian poetry in a variety of ways, being considered the Romantic phase that preceded the Realism ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
António Augusto Soares De Passos
António Augusto Soares de Passos (27 November 1826 – 8 February 1860), also referred to simply as Soares de Passos, was a Portuguese poet, creator of the "Ultra-Romanticism" in Portugal. Son of merchants and a follower of the Liberal ideas, having learned French and English during his youth, he entered at the University of Coimbra to graduate in Law. There, he met Alexandre Braga, Silva Ferraz and Aires de Gouveia, founding with them, in 1851, the magazine ''O Novo Trovador'' (''The New Trobadour''). Having already graduated, in 1854, he returned to Porto, collaborating in the poetry journals ''O Bardo'' (''The Bard'') and ''A Grinalda'' (''The Garland''). The only book Passos published during his lifetime was his poetry book ''Poesias'' (''Poetry''), in 1856. The poems mostly speak of death and the wrath of God, all of them with heavy ''mal du siècle'' traces. Having a very tumultuated life, and constantly assailed by diseases, he died in 1860, a victim of tuberculosis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indianism (arts)
Indianism (in pt, Indianismo) is a Brazilian literary and artistic movement that reached its peak during the first stages of Romanticism, though it had been present in Brazilian literature since the Baroque period. In Romantic contexts, it is called "the first generation of Brazilian Romanticism", being succeeded by the " Ultra-Romanticism" and the "Condorism". Historical context After the independence of Brazil from Portugal in 1822, a heavy wave of nationalism spread through the Brazilian people. Inspired by this, poets and writers began to search for an entity that could represent and personify the newly created Brazilian nation. Since there was no Middle Ages in Brazil, it could not be the knight, as in the European chivalric romances; it could not be the Portuguese man either, since Brazilians still held resentment for the years of colonization; it could not be the black man either, since the mentality of the time did not allow it. Influenced by Enlightenment ideal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Laurindo Rabelo
Laurindo José da Silva Rabelo (July 8, 1826 – September 28, 1864) was a Brazilian Ultra-Romantic poet, teacher and medician. Famous for his '' lundu'' lyrics and satires, he won the epithet of "the Brazilian Bocage", and, because of his physical appearance, the nickname "Poeta-Lagartixa" ("Gecko-Poet"). He is the patron of the 26th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. Life Rabelo was born in Rio de Janeiro in 1826, to Ricardo José da Silva Rabelo and Luísa Maria da Conceição. His parents were very poor. Initially, he planned to follow the ecclesiastic career, and entered in a seminary, but he quit, because of intrigues among his colleagues. He tried a course at the Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras, but he couldn't make it either. Finally, he entered in a Medicine course, finishing it in Bahia, but exercising his profession in Rio. In 1857, he became a doctor for the Army, at Rio Grande do Sul, returning definitely to Rio in 1863, becoming a History, Geography and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pedro De Calasans
Pedro Luziense de Bittencourt Calasans (January 29, 1837 – February 24, 1874) was a Brazilian poet, playwright and journalist, adept of the "Ultra-Romanticism" movement. Life Calasans was born in the city of Santa Luzia do Itanhy, in the Brazilian State of Sergipe, to Lieutenant Colonel João José de Bittencourt Calasans (who would be the governor of Sergipe later) and Luísa Carolina Amélia de Calasans. He initiated his studies at the Liceu São Cristóvão, finishing them in Recife, Pernambuco. At 16 years of age, he published his first poetry book, ''Adeus!''. In 1855, he entered the Faculdade de Direito do Recife, published another poetry book (''Páginas Soltas'') and started to collaborate with some newspapers. Graduating in 1859, he returned to Sergipe, to the city of Estância, where he married a wealthy lady; however, they divorced some years later. Moving to Rio de Janeiro in 1861, he became a deputy from 1861 to 1864, dedicating himself solely to journalism and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
José Bonifácio The Younger
José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva (November 8, 1827 – October 26, 1886) was a French-born Brazilian poet, teacher and senator. He is known as "the Younger" ( pt, O Moço) to distinguish him from his grand-uncle, José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva, "the Elder" or "the Patriarch", a famous statesman who was one of the most important mentors of Brazilian independence. He is the patron of the 22nd chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters, and of the 7th chair of the Paulista Academy of Letters. Life José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva was born in 1827 at the French city of Bordeaux (because of the Andradas' exile), to Martim Francisco Ribeiro de Andrada and Gabriela Frederica Ribeiro de Andrada. After moving to Brazil, more precisely to Rio de Janeiro, he ingressed in his secondary course at what is now the Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras, but had to abandon his studies due to health problems. He graduated in Law in 1853, at the Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aureliano Lessa
Aureliano José Lessa (1828–1861) was a Brazilian poet, adept of the " Ultra-Romanticism" movement. Born in Minas Gerais in 1828, he moved to São Paulo in 1847 to study Law, but received his bacharel degree at the Faculdade de Direito de Olinda, in Pernambuco, in 1851. He worked as attorney general in the city of Ouro Preto, and also as a lawyer in the cities of Diamantina and Serro. During his stay at São Paulo he met the authors Álvares de Azevedo and Bernardo Guimarães. With them, he planned a volume of poetry called ''As Três Liras'' (in en, The Three Lyres), that ended unsuccessful. Along with those and others, he was a member of a club named "Sociedade Epicureia" ("Epicurean Society"). Aureliano only wrote some texts to newspapers of São Paulo and Minas Gerais during his lifetime. His poems were compiled and published posthumously in 1873 by his brother, Francisco José Pedro Lessa, under the name of ''Poesias Póstumas'' (in en, Posthumous Poetry). A heavy dr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Casimiro De Abreu
Casimiro José Marques de Abreu (January 4, 1839 – October 18, 1860) was a Brazilian poet, novelist and playwright, adept of the " Ultra-Romanticism" movement. He is famous for the poem "Meus oito anos". He is patron of the 6th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. In 1999 Casimiro de Abreu's headstone was broken by an unnamed person Life Casimiro de Abreu was born on January 4, 1839, in the city of Barra de São João (renamed "Casimiro de Abreu" in his honor in 1925), to rich Portuguese farmers José Joaquim Marques de Abreu and Luísa Joaquina das Neves. He received only a basic education at Instituto Freeze, in Nova Friburgo, where he met and befriended Pedro Luís Pereira de Sousa. Following orders of his father, he moved to Rio de Janeiro in 1852 to dedicate himself to commerce, an activity which he hated. With his father, he travelled to Portugal in 1853. There he began his literary career, writing for many newspapers (such as ''O Progresso'' and ''Ilustração L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Junqueira Freire
Luís José Junqueira Freire (December 31, 1832 – June 24, 1855) was a Brazilian poet and Benedictine monk, adept of the " Ultra-Romanticism" movement and author of ''Inspirações do Claustro''. He is the patron of the 25th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. Biography Luís José Junqueira Freire was born December 31, 1832, in Salvador, Bahia, to José Vicente de Sá Freire and Felicidade Augusta Junqueira. After completing his primary studies and Latin, he was matriculated at the Liceu Provincial of Salvador in 1849. Two years later, he joined the Order of Saint Benedict by family reasons. Although unsatisfacted living at the monastery, there he could write and read poetry, and served as a teacher. He demanded his secularity in 1853, and, one year later, having obtained it, he refugiated at home, where he wrote his short ''Autobiography''. Shortly before dying, on June 24, 1855, due to heart problems he had since his childhood, Freire published the poetry anthology he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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