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UNAMIR
The United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) was established by United Nations Security Council Resolution 872 on 5 October 1993. It was intended to assist in the implementation of the Arusha Accords, signed on 4 August 1993, which was meant to end the Rwandan Civil War. The mission lasted from October 1993 to March 1996. Its activities were meant to aid the peace process between the Hutu-dominated Rwandese government and the Tutsi-dominated rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). The UNAMIR has received much attention for its role in failing, due to the limitations of its rules of engagement, to prevent the Rwandan genocide and outbreak of fighting. Its mandate extended past the RPF overthrow of the government and into the Great Lakes refugee crisis. The mission is thus regarded as a major failure. Background In October 1990 the Rwandan Civil War began when the Rwandan Patriotic Front rebel group invaded across Uganda's southern border into northern Rwanda. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rwandan Genocide
The Rwandan genocide occurred between 7 April and 15 July 1994 during the Rwandan Civil War. During this period of around 100 days, members of the Tutsi minority ethnic group, as well as some moderate Hutu and Twa, were killed by armed Hutu militias. The most widely accepted scholarly estimates are around 500,000 to 662,000 Tutsi deaths. In 1990, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a rebel group composed mostly of Tutsi refugees, invaded northern Rwanda from their base in Uganda, initiating the Rwandan Civil War. Over the course of the next three years, neither side was able to gain a decisive advantage. In an effort to bring the war to a peaceful end, the Rwandan government led by Hutu president, Juvénal Habyarimana signed the Arusha Accords (Rwanda), Arusha Accords with the RPF on 4 August 1993. The catalyst became assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira, Habyarimana's assassination on 6 April 1994, creating a power vacuum and ending peace accords. Gen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roméo Dallaire
Roméo Antonius Dallaire (born June 25, 1946) is a Canadian humanitarian, author, retired senator and Canadian Forces lieutenant-general. Dallaire served as force commander of UNAMIR, the ill-fated United Nations peacekeeping force for Rwanda between 1993 and 1994, and attempted to stop the genocide that was being waged by Hutu extremists against the Tutsi people and Hutu moderates. Dallaire founded The Roméo Dallaire Child Soldiers Initiative to help prevent the recruitment and use of child soldiers. He is a senior fellow at the Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies (MIGS) and co-director of the Will to Intervene Project which published a policy recommendation report, "Mobilizing the Will to Intervene: Leadership and Action to Prevent Mass Atrocities". He is the author of ''Shake Hands with the Devil.'' Early life, education and early career Dallaire was born in 1946 in Denekamp, Netherlands, to staff-sergeant Roméo Louis Dallaire, a non-commissioned ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rwandan Civil War
The Rwandan Civil War was a large-scale civil war in Rwanda which was fought between the Rwandan Armed Forces, representing the country's government, and the rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) from 1October 1990 to 18 July 1994. The war arose from the long-running dispute between the Hutu and Tutsi groups within the Rwandan population. A 1959–1962 revolution had replaced the Tutsi monarchy with a Hutu-led republic, forcing more than 336,000 Tutsi to seek refuge in neighbouring countries. A group of these refugees in Uganda founded the RPF which, under the leadership of Fred Rwigyema and Paul Kagame, became a battle-ready army by the late 1980s. The war began on 1 October 1990 when the RPF invaded north-eastern Rwanda, advancing into the country. They suffered a major setback when Rwigyema was killed in action on the second day. The Rwandan Army, assisted by troops from France, gained the upper hand and the RPF were largely defeated by the end of October. Kagame, who h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United Nations Security Council Resolution 872
United Nations Security Council resolution 872, adopted unanimously on 5 October 1993, after reaffirming resolutions 812 (1993) and 846 (1993) on the situation in Rwanda and Resolution 868 (1993) on the security of United Nations operations, the council stressed the need for an international force in the country and therefore established the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR). Mandate The signing of the Arusha Accords was welcomed and for the efforts of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) and Tanzania in this respect. The conclusion of the Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali that the full cooperation of the parties with one another is essential for the United Nations to carry out its mandate. In this regard, UNAMIR was established for a period of six months subject to the proviso that it will be extended beyond the initial ninety days upon a review by the council as to whether progress had been made towards the implementation of the Arusha Accords. I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arusha Accords (Rwanda)
The Arusha Accords, officially the ''Peace Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Rwanda and the Rwandan Patriotic Front'', also known as the Arusha Peace Agreement or Arusha negotiations, were a set of five accords (or protocols) signed in Arusha, Tanzania on 4 August 1993, by the government of Rwanda and the rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), under mediation, to end a three-year Rwandan Civil War. Primarily organized by the Organisation of African Unity and the heads of state in the African Great Lakes region, the talks began on 12 July 1992, and ended on 4 August 1993, when the accords were finally signed. Agreements The Arusha Accords envisioned the establishment of a Broad-Based Transitional Government (BBTG), which would include the insurgent RPF and the five political parties that had composed a temporary government since April 1992 in anticipation of general elections. The Accords included other points considered necessary for lasting peace: the rule ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jacques-Roger Booh-Booh
Jacques-Roger Booh-Booh (born February 5, 1938) is a Cameroonian politician and diplomat. He was the Minister of External Relations of Cameroon from 1988 to 1992Profile at Cameroonian government website . and the head of (UNAMIR). Early life and career Booh-Booh was born in Manak, . Working at the Ministry of External Relations, he was Head of the Department of African Affairs, Director for Asia and Africa, Deputy Perm ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paul Kagame
Paul Kagame (; born 23 October 1957) is a Rwandan politician and former military officer who is the 4th and current president of Rwanda since 2000. He previously served as a commander of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a Uganda-based rebel force which invaded Rwanda in 1990 and was one of the parties of the conflict during the Rwandan Civil War and the armed force which ended the Rwandan genocide. He was considered Rwanda's ''de facto'' leader when he served as Vice President and Minister of Defence under President Pasteur Bizimungu from 1994 to 2000 after which the "Vice President" post was abolished. Born to a Tutsi family in southern Rwanda, his family fled to Uganda when he was two years old would be where he spend the rest of his childhood during the Rwandan Revolution which ended centuries of Tutsi political dominance. In the 1980s, Kagame fought in Yoweri Museveni's rebel army, becoming a senior Ugandan army officer after Museveni's military victories carried him ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shiva Kumar (general)
Lieutenant General Siva Kumar, AVSM VSM (born January 29, 1948, in Madras, India) is an Indian former commander. He was the third and final Force commander of UN troops serving in Rwanda. Biography Kumar was born in Madras, India. As a youth, he attended St. Thomas High School, Loyola College and Presidency College where he earned a Bachelor of Science. He is a graduate of the staff course at the Defence Services Staff College and has attended both Higher Command and National Defence College. In August 1967, Kumar was commissioned from Officers Training Academy at the age of 19. He joined the Jat Regiment on June 23, 1968, and later commanded the regiment in Arunachal Pradesh and Bikaner, Rajasthan. He also commanded a division of the Assam Rifles in the Ukhrul district of Northeastern Manipur. He has been awarded the Vishisht Seva Medal and the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal. UNAMIR Service Kumar acted as second-in-command of UNAMIR until Guy Tousignant's parting on December ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guy Tousignant
Major-General Guy Claude Tousignant, (born 1941) is a retired senior officer of the Canadian Army. Born in Sherbrooke, Quebec, Tousignant received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the Université de Sherbrooke in 1962. He was commissioned with the Canadian Officers' Training Corps in 1962. He was promoted to major in 1973, lieutenant-colonel in 1979, colonel in 1983, and brigadier-general in 1990. He was made an Officer of the Order of Military Merit in 1983. In 1990, he was appointed base commander of CFB Borden. After being promoted to major-general in 1993, he was appointed the Commandant of the National Defence College. Tousignant replaced Roméo Dallaire as Force Commander of United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) in August 1994 and also served as assistant Secretary-General of that mission. He departed Rwanda on December 8, 1995, leaving the mission in the charge of his second-in-command, Brigadier-General Shiva Kumar of India. UNAMIR ended in March 1996. To ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Linda Melvern
Linda Melvern is a British investigative journalist. Early in her career, she worked for ''The Evening Standard'' and then ''The Sunday Times'' (UK), including on the investigative Insight Team. Since leaving the newspaper she has written seven books of non-fiction. She is a former Honorary Professor of the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, in the Department of International Politics. Career In her early career, Melvern concentrated on a variety of subjects. Her first book, “Techno-Bandits”, was co-authored with Nick Anning and David Hedbitch in 1984, and told the story of the US Department of Defense's attempts to prevent the Soviet Union from acquiring American technology. Her next book - her first solo exploit - investigated Rupert Murdoch's campaign against the British print unions in order to use a more modern printing plant in Wapping. The book, entitled “The End of the Street”, was published in 1986 by Methuen. In the 1990s, her focus shifted somewhat to the Uni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Great Lakes Refugee Crisis
The Great Lakes refugee crisis is the common name for the situation beginning with the exodus in April 1994 of over two million Rwandans to neighboring countries of the Great Lakes region of Africa in the aftermath of the Rwandan genocide. Many of the refugees were Hutu fleeing the predominantly Tutsi Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), which had gained control of the country at the end of the genocide. However, the humanitarian relief effort was vastly compromised by the presence among the refugees of many of the Interahamwe and government officials who carried out the genocide, who used the refugee camps as bases to launch attacks against the new government led by Paul Kagame. The camps in Zaire became particularly politicized and militarized. The knowledge that humanitarian aid was being diverted to further the aims of the genocidaires led many humanitarian organizations to withdraw their assistance. The conflict escalated until the start of the First Congo War in 1996, when RPF-su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shake Hands With The Devil (book)
''Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda'' is a book by Lieutenant-General Roméo Dallaire of the Canadian Forces, with help from Major Brent Beardsley. It was first published by Random House Canada in September 2003. The book chronicles Dallaire's tour as Force Commander of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) in 1993–1994, during which he witnessed the 1994 Rwandan genocide. The book won the 2003 Shaughnessy Cohen Award for Political Writing, and 2004 Governor General's Award for nonfiction. The edition published in French is entitled '' J'ai serré la main du diable: La faillite de l'humanité au Rwanda''. The documentary film '' Shake Hands with the Devil: The Journey of Roméo Dallaire'' (2004) and a 2007 dramatic feature film are inspired by and in part based on the book. Dallaire was consulted in the making of both films. Summary More than 800,000 people are believed to have been killed in 100 days in the 1994 genocide ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
