|
Turin Aramaic Papyrus
The Turin Aramaic Papyrus, also known as Papyrus Taurinensis, is a fragment of an Aramaic papyrus found by Bernardino Drovetti in 1823–24. It is known as Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum, CIS II 144 and Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt, TAD A5.3. Although it contains just two lines, it is notable as the first published Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions, Aramaic inscription found in Egypt. It is held in Turin's Museo Egizio, with providence number 645. Publication and scholarly debate The first published reference was by Jean-François Champollion in June 1824,Wilhelm Gesenius, Scripturae Linguaeque Phoeniciae, p.233-6: "Non sine magno strepitu hoc fragmentum folii papyracei litteris Phoeniciovel certe Semitico-Aegyptiacis impleti inter Aegyptios Musei Turinensis papyros anno 1823 vel 1824 repertum viris doctis in universa Europa per ephemerides annunciatum est (v. Journal Asiatique T. V pag. 20), primum ab Hamakero (Miscell. phoen. tab. 3 no. 3) ex apographo Roc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bernardino Drovetti
Bernardino Michele Maria Drovetti (January 7, 1776 – March 5, 1852) was an Italian antiquities looter, diplomat, and politician. He is best remembered for having acquired the Turin Royal Canon and for his questionable behavior in collecting ancient Egyptian antiquities., p. 90 Biography Born in Barbania, a ''comune'' near Turin in the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, Drovetti later obtained French nationality and joined the French army, eventually rising to the rank of '' Chef d'escadron''. As an official, during the French campaign in Egypt (1798–99) he distinguished himself by saving the life of Joachim Murat, and later he became the French Consul-General of Egypt during both the Empire (until 1814) and the Bourbon Restoration, between 1820 and 1829. He also earned Wāli Muhammad Ali's trust and had a role in some of the latter's administrative reforms. In 1820, he was awarded the title of '' Chevalier dans l'Ordre de la Legion d'Honneur''. During his stay in E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heth
Heth, sometimes written Chet or Ḥet, is the eighth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician ''ḥēt'' 𐤇, Hebrew ''ḥēt'' , Aramaic ''ḥēṯ'' 𐡇, Syriac ''ḥēṯ'' ܚ, and Arabic ''ḥāʾ'' . It is also related to the Ancient North Arabian 𐪂, South Arabian , and Ge'ez . Heth originally represented a voiceless fricative, either pharyngeal , or velar . In Arabic, two corresponding letters were created for both phonemic sounds: unmodified ' represents , while ' represents . The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek eta , Etruscan , Latin H, and Cyrillic И. While H is a consonant in the Latin alphabet, the Greek and Cyrillic equivalents represent vowel sounds, though the letter was originally a consonant in Greek and this usage later evolved into the rough breathing character. The Phoenician letter also gave rise to the archaic Greek letter '' heta'', as well as a variant of Cyrillic letter I, short I. The Arabic letter ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aramaic Papyri
Hebrew and Aramaic papyri have increasingly been discovered from the 1960s onwards, although these papyri remain rare compared to papyri written in Koine Greek and Demotic Egyptian (no relation except in name, "popular," to modern demotic Greek). The most valuable and religious texts were written on leather scrolls, parchment - such as the literary texts from Masada and Qumran, while papyrus was employed for cheaper, domestic use. A standard work is the ''Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum'' of Victor Tcherikover and Alexander Fuks (Cambridge, Massachusetts Vol.I 1957, II 1960, III ed. Menahem Stern 1964) which is largely of Greek language papyri but includes examples of Hebrew and Aramaic papyri from Israel, Jordan, and Egypt. In Egypt In 1909 Joseph Offord remarks that Germany had acquired all the Hebrew papyri found in Upper Egypt the previous winter, but that many were still to be found. In 1966 the Bodleian Library possessed only four Hebrew and three Aramaic papyri. Qumran Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jehovah
Jehovah () is a Romanization, Latinization of the Hebrew language, Hebrew , one Tiberian vocalization, vocalization of the Tetragrammaton (YHWH), the proper name of the God in Judaism, God of Israel in the Hebrew BibleOld Testament. The Tetragrammaton is considered one of the Names of God in Judaism#Seven names of God, seven names of God in Judaism and a form of names of God in Christianity, God's name in Christianity. The Scholarly consensus, consensus among scholars is that the historical vocalization of the Tetragrammaton at the time of the redaction of the Torah (6th century BCE) is most likely Yahweh. The historical vocalization was lost because in Second Temple Judaism, during the 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE, the pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton came to be avoided, being substituted with ('my Lord'). The Hebrew vowel points of were added to the Tetragrammaton by the Masoretes, and the resulting form was transliterated around the 12th century CE as ''Yehowah' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eduard Friedrich Ferdinand Beer
Eduard Friedrich Ferdinand Beer (June 15, 1805 in Bautzen – April 5, 1841 in Leipzig) was a German orientalist, epigraphist and paleographer. He was the decipherer of the Nabataean script, known at the time as the Sinaitic script. He died destitute at just 35 years old, possibly of starvation-related conditions. Life Eduard Friedrich Ferdinand Beer was born on June 15, 1805, in Bautzen, the son of the tailor Leonhard Beer (1775–1827) and his wife Erdmuthe Eleonora Dorothea, who was born in 1785, and the daughter of the tailor Gottlieb Apelt (1753–1805) and his wife Rosina Dorothea Friese (1761–1810). Beer had been interested in languages since childhood. From 1817 he attended a high school in his hometown. Two years later he began to learn the Hebrew language, but also dealt with the Semitic languages in general. Because his father died in 1827, Beer had problems financing his studies, so he worked as a proofreader on the side, despite a serious illness in 1828. Beer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gustav Seyffarth
Gustav Seyffarth (13 July 179617 November 1885) was a German American, German-American List of Egyptologists, Egyptologist, born in Uebigau-Wahrenbrück, Uebigau, in the Electorate of Saxony. He studied theology and philology at the University of Leipzig, obtaining his doctorate in 1823 with the thesis "De sonis literarum graecarum tum genuis tum adoptivis". He became a professor of philosophy at Leipzig in 1825 and a professor of Archaeology, archæology in 1830 (a position he held until 1855).Seyffarth, Gustav @ NDB/ADB Deutsche Biographie From 1826 to 1829 he visited the principal museums of Germany, France, England, and the Netherlands and collected copies of Egyptian inscriptions and Coptic manuscripts. In 1840, on his initiative, a sarcophagus was purchased that was to become the centerpiece of the future ''Ägyptisches Museum d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ktav Ashuri
''Ktav Ashuri'' (, ', lit. "Assyrian Writing") also ''(Ktav) Ashurit'', is the traditional Hebrew language name of the Hebrew alphabet, used to write both Hebrew and Jewish Babylonian Aramaic. It is often referred to as (the) Square script. The names "''Ashuri''" ( Assyrian) or "''square script''" are used to distinguish it from the Paleo-Hebrew script. According to Halakha (Jewish religious law), tefillin (phylacteries) and mezuzot (door-post scripts) can only be written in Ashurit. Name ''Ktav Ashuri'' is the term used in the Talmud; the modern Hebrew term for the Hebrew alphabet is simply "Alphabet Hebrew". Consequently, the term ''Ktav Ashuri'' refers primarily to a traditional calligraphic form of the alphabet used in writing the Torah., s.v. ''Megillah'' 1:8, p. 202note 20; '' Yadayim'' 4:5-6,note 6 However, the term ''Ashuri'' is often used in the Babylonian Talmud to refer to the contemporary "Hebrew alphabet", as opposed to the older Paleo-Hebrew script. The T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Osiris
Osiris (, from Egyptian ''wikt:wsjr, wsjr'') was the ancient Egyptian deities, god of fertility, agriculture, the Ancient Egyptian religion#Afterlife, afterlife, the dead, resurrection, life, and vegetation in ancient Egyptian religion. He was classically depicted as a green-skinned deity with a Pharaoh, pharaoh's beard, partially mummy-wrapped at the legs, wearing a distinctive atef crown and holding a symbolic crook and flail. He was one of the first to be associated with the mummy wrap. When his brother Set (deity), Set cut him to pieces after killing him, with her sister Nephthys, Osiris' sister-wife, Isis, searched Egypt to find each part of Osiris. She collected all but one – Osiris’s genitalia. She then wrapped his body up, enabling him to return to life. Osiris was widely worshipped until the decline of ancient Egyptian religion during the Christianization of the Roman Empire, rise of Christianity in the Roman Empire. Osiris was at times considered the eldest son of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ulrich Friedrich Kopp
Ulrich Friedrich Kopp (18 March 1762 in Kassel – 26 March 1834 in Marburg) was a German legal scholar and palaeographer.Daniels, Peter T.. "Wilhelm Gesenius, Ulrich Friedrich Kopp, and the Beginnings of Semitic Epigraphy". Biblische Exegese und hebräische Lexikographie: Das "Hebräisch-deutsche Handwörterbuch" von Wilhelm Gesenius als Spiegel und Quelle alttestamentlicher und hebräischer Forschung, 200 Jahre nach seiner ersten Auflage, edited by Stefan Schorch and Ernst-Joachim Waschke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2013, pp. 155-168. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110267044.155 Life Kopp came from a Hessian family of lawyers. His grandfather was the Marburg chancery director Johann Adam Kopp (1698–1748), his father the court director Carl Philipp Kopp (1728–1777). Ulrich Friedrich Kopp also studied law at the University of Marburg and then entered the Hessen-Kassel civil service, initially as an assessor with the government in Kassel. In 1788 he was appointed to the judicia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Resh
Resh is the twentieth Letter (alphabet), letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician alphabet, Phoenician ''rēš'' 𐤓, Hebrew alphabet, Hebrew ''rēš'' , Aramaic alphabet, Aramaic ''rēš'' 𐡓, Syriac alphabet, Syriac ''rēš'' ܪ, and Arabic script, Arabic ''rāʾ'' . It is related to the Ancient North Arabian 𐪇, Ancient South Arabian script, South Arabian , and Geʽez script, Ge'ez . Its sound value is one of a number of rhotic consonants: usually or , but also or in Hebrew and some North Mesopotamian Arabic dialects. In most Semitic alphabets, the letter resh (and its equivalents) is quite similar to the letter dalet (and its equivalents). In the Syriac alphabet, the letters became so similar that now they are only distinguished by a dot: resh has a dot above the letter, and the otherwise identical dalet has a dot below the letter. In the Arabic alphabet, has a longer tail than . In the Aramaic and Hebrew square alphabet, resh is a rounded single s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kaph
Kaph (also spelled kaf) is the eleventh letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician ''kāp'' 𐤊, Hebrew ''kāp̄'' , Aramaic ''kāp'' 𐡊, Syriac ''kāp̄'' ܟ, and Arabic ''kāf'' (in abjadi order). It is also related to the Ancient North Arabian 𐪋, South Arabian , and Ge'ez . The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek kappa (Κ), Latin K, and Cyrillic К. Origin Kaph is thought to be derived from a pictogram of a hand (in both modern Arabic and modern Hebrew, kaph means "palm" or "grip"), though in Arabic the ''a'' in the name of the letter (كاف) is pronounced longer than the ''a'' in the word meaning "palm" (كَف). The small ک above the ''kāf'' in its final and isolated forms was originally ''‘alāmatu-l-ihmāl'', but became a permanent part of the letter. Previously this sign could also appear above the medial form of ''kāf'', instead of the stroke on its ascender. D46 Arabic kāf The letter is named ''kāf'', and it is written ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yodh
Yodh (also spelled jodh, yod, or jod) is the tenth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician ''yōd'' 𐤉, Hebrew ''yod'' , Aramaic ''yod'' 𐡉, Syriac ''yōḏ'' ܝ, and Arabic ''yāʾ'' . It is also related to the Ancient North Arabian 𐪚, South Arabian , and Ge'ez . Its sound value is in all languages for which it is used; in many languages, it also serves as a long vowel, representing . The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Iota (Ι), Latin I and J, Cyrillic І, Coptic (Ⲓ) and Gothic eis . The term yod is often used to refer to the speech sound , a palatal approximant, even in discussions of languages not written in Semitic abjads, as in phonological phenomena such as English "yod-dropping". Origins Yod originated from a hieroglyphic "hand", or *yad. D36 Before the late nineteenth century, the letter yāʼ was written without its two dots, especially those in the Levant. Arabic yāʼ The letter is named ' (). It is wri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
