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Tropiques
''Tropiques'' was a quarterly literary magazine published in Martinique from 1941 to 1945. It was founded by Aimé Césaire, Suzanne Césaire, and other Martinican intellectuals of the era, who contributed poetry, essays, and fiction to the magazine. While resisting the Vichy-supported government that ruled Martinique at the time, the writers commented on colonialism, surrealism, and other topics. André Breton, the French leader of surrealism, contributed to the magazine and helped turn it into a leading voice of surrealism in the Caribbean. Origins Aimé Césaire wrote in the first issue of ''Tropiques'' that he had formed the magazine in reaction to the problems of the time and the lack of art coming out of Martinique and other parts of the Caribbean. Césaire would go on to be the leading contributor to the magazine, and each issue included at least one of his pieces. He set the focus on the need to create a distinct Martinican culture with the first words of the introduction ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Suzanne Césaire
Suzanne Césaire (née Roussi; 11 August 1915 – 16 May 1966), born in Martinique, an overseas department of France, was a French writer, teacher, scholar, anti-colonial and feminist activist, and Surrealist. Her husband was the poet and politician Aimé Césaire. Early life Césaire (née Roussi) was born on 11 August 1915 in Poterie, Martinique, to Flore Roussi (née William), a school teacher, and Benoït Roussi, a sugar factory worker. She began her education at her local primary school in Rivière-Salée in Martinique (which still had the status of a French colonial territory at that time), before attending a girls' boarding-school in the capital, Fort-de-France. Having completed her secondary education, she went to study literature in Toulouse and then in Paris at the prestigious École normale supérieure from 1936-1938. University and marriage to Aimé Césaire During her first year as a student in Paris, Suzanne Roussi met Léopold Sédar Senghor, who introduced her to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aimé Césaire
Aimé Fernand David Césaire (; ; 26 June 1913 – 17 April 2008) was a French poet, author, and politician. He was "one of the founders of the Négritude movement in Francophone literature" and coined the word in French. He founded the Parti progressiste martiniquais in 1958, and served in the French National Assembly from 1945 to 1993 and as President of the Regional Council of Martinique from 1983 to 1988. His works include the book-length poem '' Cahier d'un retour au pays natal'' (1939), ''Une Tempête'', a response to Shakespeare's play '' The Tempest'', and '' Discours sur le colonialisme'' (''Discourse on Colonialism''), an essay describing the strife between the colonizers and the colonized. His works have been translated into many languages. Student, educator and poet Aimé Césaire was born in Basse-Pointe, Martinique, Colonia de France, in 1913. His father was a tax inspector and his mother was a dressmaker. He was a lower class citizen but still learned to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Martinique
Martinique ( , ; gcf, label=Martinican Creole, Matinik or ; Kalinago language, Kalinago: or ) is an island and an Overseas department and region, overseas department/region and single territorial collectivity of France. An integral part of the France, French Republic, Martinique is located in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean Sea. It has a land area of and a population of 364,508 inhabitants as of January 2019.Populations légales 2019: 972 Martinique INSEE One of the Windward Islands, it is directly north of Saint Lucia, northwest of Barbados and south of Dominica. Martinique is an Outermost Region and a Special member state territories and the European Union, special territory of the European Union; the currency in use is the euro. Virtually the entir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Georges Gratiant
Georges Gratiant, (6 January, 1907-20 June, 1992) was a lawyer and politician from Martinique. He was mayor of Le Lamentin from 1959 to 1989 and president of the General Council from 1946 to 1947. Biography Youth and early activism Georges Gratiant was born on 6 January, 1907 in the commune of Saint-Esprit in Martinique, part of a well-to-do family. After his secondary education at the Lycée Schœlcher where he obtained his baccalaureate, Georges Gratiant studied law in France. He obtained a law degree and was admitted to the bar in Fort-de-France as a lawyer. Sensitive to the poverty of his fellow Martinicians, Marxist ideas appealed to him; he became a communist activist. He founded the "Common Front" group in the early 1930s with René Ménil, Victor Lamon and Thélus Léro. In 1936, they merged with the "Jean Jaurès" group, then formed the in 1938. 1941-1943: Georges Gratiant participates with René Ménil, Aristide Maugée, Aimé and Suzanne Césaire in edit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henri Stehlé
Henri Stehlé (November 30, 1909 – February 19, 1983) was a French agronomist, botanist and ecologist specialized in tropical agriculture. In 1949 he founded the Agronomic Research Center of INRA Antilles-Guyane in Guadeloupe (French Antilles), of which he was Director until 1964. As botanist he worked mainly in Guadeloupe and Martinique in collaboration with his wife, Madeleine Stehlé, and Reverend Father Louis Quentin. Stehlé focused his work on two plant families: Orchidaceae and Piperaceae. The abbreviation Stehlé is used to indicate Henry Stehlé as the authority for many plant names. Education Stehlé completed his agronomic engineering training at the École Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie de Grignon in 1931, and then specialized in tropical agriculture at the École Nationale Supérieure d’Agriculture Coloniale. In 1947 Stehlé completed his PhD thesis on the phytogeography of the forest types in the Caribbean, at the Université de Montpellier, which earned ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
René Ménil
René Ménil (1907, Gros-Morne, Martinique – 29 August 2004) was a French surrealist writer and philosopher who lived on the island of Martinique. Born and raised on the island of Martinique, Ménil was one of several of the island's natives who studied in France and returned to influence the independence movement with the ideas of Marxism, and Surrealism. He was involved in helping to publish a literary journal in 1932 with Étienne Léro called ''Légitime Défense.'' He also began the '' Antillanité'' movement. In the early 1940s Ménil started a journal called '' Tropiques'' along with other notable Martinique writers such as Aimé Césaire Aimé Fernand David Césaire (; ; 26 June 1913 – 17 April 2008) was a French poet, author, and politician. He was "one of the founders of the Négritude movement in Francophone literature" and coined the word in French. He founded the Pa .... The publication spoke very strongly against French colonialism in its essays. To a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maryse Condé
Maryse Condé (née Boucolon; February 11, 1937) is a French novelist, critic, and playwright from the French Overseas department and region of Guadeloupe. Condé is best known for her novel ''Ségou'' (1984–85).Condé, Maryse, and Richard Philcox. ''Tales from the Heart: True Stories from My Childhood.'' New York: Soho, 2001. Her novels explore the African diaspora that resulted from slavery and colonialism in the Caribbean. Her novels, written in French, have been translated into English, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Japanese. She has won various awards, such as the Grand Prix Littéraire de la Femme (1986), Prix de l’Académie française (1988), Prix Carbet de la Carraibe (1997)"Author Profile: Maryse Condé" ''World Literature Today'' (September–December 2004), 78 (3/4), p. 27. and the < ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frantz Fanon
Frantz Omar Fanon (, ; ; 20 July 1925 – 6 December 1961), also known as Ibrahim Frantz Fanon, was a French West Indian psychiatrist, and political philosopher from the French colony of Martinique (today a French department). His works have become influential in the fields of post-colonial studies, critical theory, and Marxism. As well as being an intellectual, Fanon was a political radical, Pan-Africanist, and Marxist humanist concerned with the psychopathology of colonization and the human, social, and cultural consequences of decolonization. In the course of his work as a physician and psychiatrist, Fanon supported Algeria's War of independence from France and was a member of the Algerian National Liberation Front. Fanon has been described as "the most influential anticolonial thinker of his time". For more than five decades, the life and works of Fanon have inspired national-liberation movements and other radical political organizations in Palestine, Sri Lanka, Sou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Surrealism
Surrealism is a cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists depicted unnerving, illogical scenes and developed techniques to allow the unconscious mind to express itself. Its aim was, according to leader André Breton, to "resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality into an absolute reality, a super-reality", or ''surreality.'' It produced works of painting, writing, theatre, filmmaking, photography, and other media. Works of Surrealism feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and '' non sequitur''. However, many Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost (for instance, of the "pure psychic automatism" Breton speaks of in the first Surrealist Manifesto), with the works themselves being secondary, i.e. artifacts of surrealist experimentation. Leader Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was, above all, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
André Breton
André Robert Breton (; 19 February 1896 – 28 September 1966) was a French writer and poet, the co-founder, leader, and principal theorist of surrealism. His writings include the first ''Surrealist Manifesto'' (''Manifeste du surréalisme'') of 1924, in which he defined surrealism as " pure psychic automatism". Along with his role as leader of the surrealist movement he is the author of celebrated books such as '' Nadja'' and ''L'Amour fou''. Those activities, combined with his critical and theoretical work on writing and the plastic arts, made André Breton a major figure in twentieth-century French art and literature. Biography André Breton was the only son born to a family of modest means in Tinchebray (Orne) in Normandy, France. His father, Louis-Justin Breton, was a policeman and atheistic, and his mother, Marguerite-Marie-Eugénie Le Gouguès, was a former seamstress. Breton attended medical school, where he developed a particular interest in mental illness. His educati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vichy France
Vichy France (french: Régime de Vichy; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State ('), was the Fascism, fascist French state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II. Officially independent, but with half of its Metropolitan France, territory occupied under harsh terms of the Armistice of 22 June 1940, armistice, it adopted a policy of collaboration with Nazi Germany, which Occupation of France by Nazi Germany, occupied the northern and western portions before occupying the remainder of Metropolitan France in November 1942. Though Paris was ostensibly its capital, the collaborationist Vichy government established itself in the resort town of Vichy in the unoccupied "Free Zone" (), where it remained responsible for the civil administration of France as well as its French colonial empire, colonies. The Third French Republic had begun the war in September 1939 on the side of the Allies of World War II, Allies. On 10 May 1940, it was Invasion o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Literary Magazine
A literary magazine is a periodical devoted to literature in a broad sense. Literary magazines usually publish short stories, poetry, and essays, along with literary criticism Literary criticism (or literary studies) is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. Modern literary criticism is often influenced by literary theory, which is the philosophical discussion of literature's goals and methods. Th ..., book reviews, biographical profiles of authors, interviews and letters. Literary magazines are often called literary journals, or little magazines, terms intended to contrast them with larger, commercial magazines. History ''Nouvelles de la république des lettres'' is regarded as the first literary magazine; it was established by Pierre Bayle in France in 1684. Literary magazines became common in the early part of the 19th century, mirroring an overall rise in the number of books, magazines, and scholarly Academic journal, journals being published at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
