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Triclad
Planarians (triclads) are free-living flatworms of the class Turbellaria, order Tricladida, which includes hundreds of species, found in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial habitats.pp 3., "Planarians (the popular name for the group as a whole), or triclad flatworms (the more scientific designation of the same group), are acoelomate bilaterians". Planarians are characterized by a three-branched intestine, including a single anterior and two posterior branches. Their body is populated by adult stem cells called neoblasts, which planarians use for regenerating missing body parts. Many species are able to Regeneration (biology), regenerate any missing organ, which has made planarians a popular model in research of regeneration and stem cell biology. The genome sequences of several species are available, as are tools for molecular biology analysis. The order Tricladida is split into three suborders, according to their phylogenetic relationships: Maricola, Dimarcusidae, Cavernicola ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geoplanidae
Geoplanidae is a family of flatworms known commonly as land planarians or land flatworms. These flatworms are mainly predators of other invertebrates, which they hunt, attack and capture using physical force and the adhesive and digestive properties of their mucus. They lack water-retaining mechanisms and are therefore very sensitive to humidity variations of their environment. Because of their strict ecological requirements, some species have been proposed as indicators of the conservation state of their habitats. They are generally animals with low vagility (dispersal ability) and with very specific habitat requirements, so they can be also used to accurately determine the distribution of biogeographic realms. Today the fauna of these animals is being studied to select conservation priorities in the Atlantic rainforest in Brazil. At the other extreme, one species in this family, ''Platydemus manokwari'' has become an invasive species in both disturbed and wild habitats in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maricola
Maricola is a suborder of triclad flatworms including species that mainly inhabit salt water environments. However, some species are also known from freshwater or brackish waters.Ball, I. R. 1974. La Faune Terrestre de l'Ile de Saint Hélène: Turbellaria Tricladida. Ann. Mus. Roy. Afr. Centrale, in 8. Zool. Taxonomy and phylogeny History The Maricola group was first proposed by Hallez in 1892. He recognized three families: Otoplanida, Procerodida and Bdellourida. Two years later, in 1884, Hallez renamed these families as Otoplanidae, Procerodidae and Bdellouridae. In 1906 Böhmig classified the Maricola in two families and five subfamilies: Procerodidae (Euprocerodinae, Cercyrinae, Micropharynginae) and Bdellouridae (Uteriporinae, Eubdellourinae). In 1909 Wilhelmi wrote a monograph on the group in which five families were described: Procerodidae, Uteriporidae, Cercyridae, Bdellouridae, Micropharyngidae. Von Graff used the same classification in 1916. In 1989 Sluys recognized ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dugesiid
Dugesiidae is a family of freshwater planarians distributed worldwide (except Antarctica). The type genus In biological taxonomy, the type genus (''genus typica'') is the genus which defines a biological family and the root of the family name. Zoological nomenclature According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, "The name-bearin ... is '' Dugesia'' Girard, 1850. Description All species of Dugesiidae live in freshwater environments and have a dorsoventrally flattened body. The head usually has a somewhat triangular shape and has two eyes (except for some subterranean eyeless species). The main differences between Dugesiidae and other freshwater planarians are related to the anatomy of the eyes and the copulatory apparatus. The eye cup in Dugesiidae is composed of several retinal cells, while in other freshwater planarians they are composed of a single cell. All freshwater planarians have an accessory organ called copulatory bursa or ''bursa copulatrix'', ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dugesiidae
Dugesiidae is a family of freshwater planarians distributed worldwide (except Antarctica). The type genus is ''Dugesia ''Dugesia'' is a genus of freshwater planarians in the family Dugesiidae triclads and the type genus of this family. These common flatworms are found in freshwater habitats of Africa, Eurasia, and Australia. ''Dugesia'' is best known to non-spe ...'' Girard, 1850. Description All species of Dugesiidae live in freshwater environments and have a dorsoventrally flattened body. The head usually has a somewhat triangular shape and has two eyes (except for some subterranean eyeless species). The main differences between Dugesiidae and other freshwater planarians are related to the anatomy of the eyes and the copulatory apparatus. The eye cup in Dugesiidae is composed of several retinal cells, while in other freshwater planarians they are composed of a single cell. All freshwater planarians have an accessory organ called copulatory bursa or ''bursa copulatrix'', ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dugesia Subtentaculata
''Dugesia subtentaculata'' is a species of planarian that inhabits the freshwater of Southern France, several localities on the Iberian Peninsula (including Catalonia), Mallorca, Morocco and Algeria. In 1986 De Vries designated a neotype for ''D. subtentaculata'' after the original type material was lost. She also synonymized the species ''D. iberica'', described from Mallorca and Iberian Peninsula, with ''D. subtentaculta''. Both the neotype and the holotype are from the surroundings of Montpellier Montpellier (; ) is a city in southern France near the Mediterranean Sea. One of the largest urban centres in the region of Occitania (administrative region), Occitania, Montpellier is the prefecture of the Departments of France, department of ..., from a locality where asexual specimens of ''D. subtentaculata'' and sexual individuals of '' D. gonocephala'' are found living together. Phylogeny ''Dugesia subtentaculata'' is related to other European ''Dugesia'' species. Howeve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dimarcusidae
Dimarcusidae is a family of triclads found mostly in freshwater habitats of caves, although at least one species, '' Rhodax evelinae'', occurs in surface waters. Currently the family contains only seven species distributed in five genera, although the total number of species is thought to be much higher. Description The morphological features uniting species of Dimarcusidae are related to the reproductive system. Their ovaries are located more posteriorly than in most triclads, which usually have them close to the brain. The penis in species of Dimarcusidae contains glandular elements and the common ovovitelline duct is perpendicular to the female genital duct. Taxonomy The family Dimarcusidae was erected in 1972 by Mitchell and Kawakatsu to include a new species, ''Dimarcus villalobosi''. However, the same species had been briefly described by Benazzi in the same year as '' Opisthobursa mexicana'' and this name had priority, with ''Dimarcus villalobosi'' becoming a junior ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Continenticola
Continenticola is a clade that includes the land planarians (Geoplanidae) and the freshwater triclads ( Dendrocoelidae, Dugesiidae, Kenkiidae and Planariidae). Phylogeny On the basis of molecular evidences, Carranza and colleagues suggested in 1998 that the families of freshwater and land flatworms must be grouped together in a monophyletic group that they coined Continenticola. This grouping was accepted by Ronald Sluys in 2009. Despite the molecular evidences, there are no morphological apomorphies In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy). A synapomorphy is an apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and is therefore hypothesized to hav ... supporting this clade. Phylogenetic supertree after Sluys et al., 2009: References {{Taxonbar, from=Q5165347 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geoplanoidea
Geoplanoidea is a superfamily of freshwater and land triclads that comprises the species of the Geoplanidae and the Dugesiidae families. Dugesiidae and Geoplanidae share a duplication of the cluster that codifies for the 18S ribosomal RNA 18S ribosomal RNA (abbreviated 18S rRNA) is a part of the ribosomal RNA in eukaryotes. It is a component of the Eukaryotic small ribosomal subunit (40S) and the cytosolic homologue of both the 12S ribosomal RNA, 12S rRNA in mitochondria and the 1 .... Phylogeny Phylogenetic supertree after Sluys et al., 2009: References {{Taxonbar, from=Q5535582 Continenticola Animal superfamilies ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kenkiidae
Kenkiidae is a family of freshwater triclads. Their species can be found sporadically in caves, groundwater, and deep lakes in Central Asia, Far East and North America.Ball, I. R.: A contribution to the phylogeny and biogeography of the freshwater triclads (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria). Biology of the Turbellaria (Edited by: Riser NW and Morse MP). New York: McGraw-Hill New York 1974, 339-401. Description Species in the family Kenkiidae are characterized by a thickened marginal epidermis, i.e., the epidermis of the body margins have larger cells provided with bigger rhabdites than the epidermis of the rest of the body. Kenkiidae species have the testicles situated anterior to the pharynx, feature also common in the Dugesiidae and Planariidae Planariidae is a family of freshwater planarians. The type genus is '' Planaria'' Müller, 1776.Ball IR: A contribution to the phylogeny and biogeography of the freshwater triclads (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria). Biology of the Tur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Planariidae
Planariidae is a family of freshwater planarians. The type genus is '' Planaria'' Müller, 1776.Ball IR: A contribution to the phylogeny and biogeography of the freshwater triclads (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria). Biology of the Turbellaria (Edited by: Riser NW and Morse MP). New York: McGraw-Hill New York 1974 , 339-401. Genera Twelve genera of Planariidae are known: * '' Atrioplanaria'' * '' Bdellasimilis'' * '' Crenobia'' * '' Digonoporus'' * ''Hymanella'' * '' Ijimia'' * '' Paraplanaria'' * '' Phagocata'' * '' Plagnolia'' * '' Planaria'' * ''Polycelis ''Polycelis'' is a genus of planarians in the family Planariidae found in the Holarctic region (North America and Eurasia). The genus was described in 1831 by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg and currently has no consensus on the exact number of spe ...'' * '' Seidlia'' Phylogeny Phylogenetic supertree after Sluys et al., 2009: References {{Authority control Continenticola Taxa named by William Stimpson Platyhe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cavernicola (suborder)
Cavernicola is a suborder of planarians found mostly in freshwater habitats of cave Caves or caverns are natural voids under the Earth's Planetary surface, surface. Caves often form by the weathering of rock and often extend deep underground. Exogene caves are smaller openings that extend a relatively short distance undergrou ...s, although some species occur on the surface. Description The main morphological feature that defines the suborder Cavernicola is the placement of their ovaries. They are located more posteriorly than in other planarians, which usually have them close to the brain. The copulatory apparatus has a copulatory bursa in most species, although in some it is absent and is replaced by a connection to the intestine. Taxonomy The suborder Cavernicola was originally erected for the family Dimarcusidae due to its unusual morphological features that did not match those of the other planarian suborders. Recently, the discovery of another unusual cave spec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
