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Trametes Aesculi
''Trametes'' is a genus of fungi that is distinguished by a pileate basidiocarp, di- to trimitic hyphal systems, smooth non-dextrinoid spores, and a hymenium usually without true hymenial cystidia.Ryvarden L. (1991). "Genera of polypores: Nomenclature and taxonomy." ''Syn. Fung.'' 5: 1–363. The genus has a widespread distribution and contains about 195 species. The genus was circumscribed by Elias Magnus Fries in 1836. ''Trametes'' fungi are food for caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera, mainly fungus moths (Tineidae) such as ''Triaxomera parasitella''. Biotechnology Several species of ''Trametes'' have been investigated for biotechnological application of their lignin-degrading enzymes (particularly laccase and manganese peroxidase) for analytical, industrial or environmental sciences. Selected species *''Trametes gibbosa'' – Lumpy bracket *''Trametes hirsuta'' – Hairy bracket *'' Trametes nivosa'' *'' Trametes pubescens'' *''Trametes versicolor ''Trametes versicol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trametes Gibbosa
''Trametes gibbosa'', commonly known as the lumpy bracket, is a polypore mushroom that causes white rot. It is found on beech stumps and the dead wood of other hardwood species. Fruit bodies are 8–15 cm in diameter and semicircular in shape. The upper surface is usually gray or white, but may be greenish in older specimens due to algal growth. Elongated pores are located on the under-surface. The fruiting bodies are frequently attacked by boring beetle larvae. Description ''Trametes gibbosa'' grows as a shelf mushroom and can can reach sizes of up to 20 cm wide. As the common name suggests, the upper surface is lumpy/uneven and velvety. Sometimes magnification may be needed to see the hairs. This upper surface is white/creamy when young, but often develops greyer tints as well as green from algae settling into the hairs. The pore surface is of similar white and cream colors, also developing grayer tints in age. There are about 1–3 pores per mm that are elongated a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hypha
A hypha (; ) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Structure A hypha consists of one or more cells surrounded by a tubular cell wall. In most fungi, hyphae are divided into cells by internal cross-walls called "septa" (singular septum). Septa are usually perforated by pores large enough for ribosomes, mitochondria, and sometimes nuclei to flow between cells. The major structural polymer in fungal cell walls is typically chitin, in contrast to plants and oomycetes that have cellulosic cell walls. Some fungi have aseptate hyphae, meaning their hyphae are not partitioned by septa. Hyphae have an average diameter of 4–6 μm. Growth Hyphae grow at their tips. During tip growth, cell walls are extended by the external assembly and polymerization of cell wall components, and the internal production of new cell membrane. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trametes Nivosa
''Trametes nivosa'' is a species of fungus in the family Polyporaceae The Polyporaceae () are a family (biology), family of polypore, poroid fungi belonging to the Basidiomycota. The trama (mycology), flesh of their basidiocarp, fruit bodies varies from soft (as in the case of the dryad's saddle illustrated) to v .... References Polyporaceae Fungal tree pathogens and diseases Stone fruit tree diseases Taxa named by Miles Joseph Berkeley Fungi described in 1856 Fungus species {{Polyporales-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trametes Hirsuta
''Trametes hirsuta'', commonly known as hairy turkey tail or hairy bracket, is a species of fungus. Description The cap is up to wide, exceptionally 30 cm. It is whitish gray, with short hairs and subtle zoning, sometimes tomentose and yellowish or darker near the margin. The flesh is tough, up to thick, with a soft gray upper layer and a whitish lower layer separated by a black plane. It is too tough for consumption. Similar species Similar species include '' T. pubescens'', which is unzoned, buff in colour, and without layered flesh. ''T. versicolor'' is more distinctively zoned. '' T. occidentalis'' appears to be closely related. Ecology A plant pathogen, it is found on dead wood of deciduous trees, especially beechwood. It is found all year round and persists due to its leathery nature.Phillips, Roger (2006), Mushrooms. Pub. McMilan, . P. 317. Biotechnology Lyophilized cell cultures of ''Trametes hirsuta'' yield aldehydes from alkenes, representing a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manganese Peroxidase
In enzymology, a manganese peroxidase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :2 Mn(II) + 2 H+ + H2O2 \rightleftharpoons 2 Mn(III) + 2 H2O The 3 substrates of this enzyme are Mn(II), H+, and H2O2, whereas its two products are Mn(III) and H2O. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, to be specific those acting on a peroxide as acceptor (peroxidases). The systematic name of this enzyme class is Mn(II):hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include peroxidase-M2, and Mn-dependent (NADH-oxidizing) peroxidase. It employs one cofactor, heme. This enzyme needs Ca2+ for activity. White rot fungi secrete this enzyme to aid lignin degradation. Discovery and characterization Manganese peroxidase (commonly referred to as MnP) was discovered in 1985 simultaneously by the research groups of Michael H. Gold and Ronald Crawford in the fungus ''Phanerochaete chrysosporium''. The protein was genetically sequenced in ''P. chrysoporium'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Laccase
Laccases () are multicopper oxidases found in plants, fungi, and bacteria. Laccases oxidize a variety of phenolic substrates, performing one-electron oxidations, leading to crosslinking. For example, laccases play a role in the formation of lignin by promoting the oxidative coupling of monolignols, a family of naturally occurring phenols. Other laccases, such as those produced by the fungus ''Pleurotus ostreatus'', play a role in the degradation of lignin, and can therefore be classed as lignin-modifying enzymes. Other laccases produced by fungi can facilitate the biosynthesis of melanin pigments. Laccases catalyze ring cleavage of aromatic compounds. Laccase was first studied by Hikorokuro Yoshida in 1883 and then by Gabriel Bertrand in 1894 in the sap of the Japanese lacquer tree, where it helps to form lacquer, hence the name laccase. Active site The active site consists of four copper centers, which adopt structures classified as type I, type II, and type III. A tric ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lignin
Lignin is a class of complex organic polymers that form key structural materials in the support tissues of most plants. Lignins are particularly important in the formation of cell walls, especially in wood and bark, because they lend rigidity and do not rot easily. Chemically, lignins are polymers made by cross-linking phenolic precursors. History Lignin was first mentioned in 1813 by the Swiss botanist A. P. de Candolle, who described it as a fibrous, tasteless material, insoluble in water and alcohol but soluble in weak alkaline solutions, and which can be precipitated from solution using acid. He named the substance "lignine", which is derived from the Latin word '' lignum'', meaning wood. It is one of the most abundant organic polymers on Earth, exceeded only by cellulose and chitin. Lignin constitutes 30% of terrestrial non-fossil organic carbon on Earth, and 20 to 35% of the dry mass of wood. Lignin is present in red algae, which suggest that the common ancestor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Triaxomera Parasitella
''Triaxomera parasitella'' is a species of tineoid moth. It belongs to the fungus moth family (Tineidae), and therein to the subfamily Nemapogoninae. It is widespread and common in much of western Eurasia, but seems to be absent from some more outlying regions, such as Portugal and the eastern Baltic, Ireland and Iceland. It has also not been recorded from Slovenia but given that it is found in neighboring countries, it may well occur there unnoticed. Recently, the species was recorded from British Columbia. Generally, it is a moth of warm temperate regions, e.g. in Great Britain it is only a rare and scarce species from the English Midlands northwards. The adults have a wingspan of 16–21 mm. They are generally nocturnal and can be attracted by light at night. They are on the wing in late spring to early summer, about May to July or starting somewhat earlier, depending on location. Their forewings are predominantly blackish, with irregular white mottling and speckling whic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fungus Moth
Tineidae is a family of moths in the order Lepidoptera described by Pierre André Latreille in 1810. Collectively, they are known as fungus moths or tineid moths. The family contains considerably more than 3,000 species in more than 300 genera. Most of the tineid moths are small or medium-sized, with wings held roofwise over the body when at rest. They are particularly common in the Palaearctic, but many occur elsewhere, and some are found very widely as introduced species. Tineids are unusual among Lepidoptera as the larvae of only a very small number of species feed on living plants, the majority feeding on fungi, lichens, and detritus. The most familiar members of the family are the clothes moths, which have adapted to feeding on stored fabrics and led to their reputation as a household pest. The most widespread of such species are the common clothes moth (''Tineola bisselliella''), the case-bearing clothes moth (''Tinea pellionella''), and the carpet moth (''Trichophaga ta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera ( ) or lepidopterans is an order (biology), order of winged insects which includes butterflies and moths. About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera have been described, representing 10% of the total described species of living organisms, making it the second largest insect order (behind Coleoptera) with 126 family (biology), families and 46 Taxonomic rank, superfamilies, and one of the most widespread and widely recognizable insect orders in the world. Lepidopteran species are characterized by more than three derived features. The most apparent is the presence of scale (anatomy), scales that cover the torso, bodies, large triangular Insect wing, wings, and a proboscis for siphoning nectars. The scales are modified, flattened "hairs", and give butterflies and moths their wide variety of colors and patterns. Almost all species have some form of membranous wings, except for a few that have reduced wings or are wingless. Mating and the laying of eggs is normally performe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caterpillar
Caterpillars ( ) are the larval stage of members of the order Lepidoptera (the insect order comprising butterflies and moths). As with most common names, the application of the word is arbitrary, since the larvae of sawflies (suborder Symphyta) are commonly called caterpillars as well. Both lepidopteran and symphytan larvae have eruciform body shapes. Caterpillars of most species eat plant material ( often leaves), but not all; some (about 1%) eat insects, and some are even cannibalistic. Some feed on other animal products. For example, clothes moths feed on wool, and horn moths feed on the hooves and horns of dead ungulates. Caterpillars are typically voracious feeders and many of them are among the most serious of agricultural pests. In fact, many moth species are best known in their caterpillar stages because of the damage they cause to fruits and other agricultural produce, whereas the moths are obscure and do no direct harm. Conversely, various species of ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circumscription (taxonomy)
In biological taxonomy, circumscription is the content of a taxon, that is, the delimitation of which subordinate taxa are parts of that taxon. For example, if we determine that species X, Y, and Z belong in genus A, and species T, U, V, and W belong in genus B, those are our circumscriptions of those two genera. Another systematist might determine that T, U, V, W, X, Y, and Z all belong in genus A. Agreement on circumscriptions is not governed by the Codes of Zoological or Botanical Nomenclature, and must be reached by scientific consensus. A goal of biological taxonomy is to achieve a stable circumscription for every taxon. This goal conflicts, at times, with the goal of achieving a natural classification that reflects the evolutionary history of divergence of groups of organisms. Balancing these two goals is a work in progress, and the circumscriptions of many taxa that had been regarded as stable for decades are in upheaval in the light of rapid developments in molecu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
