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Toun
In Scotland a crofting township is a group of agricultural smallholdings (each with its own few hectares of pasture and arable land (in-bye land)) holding in common a substantial tract of unimproved upland grazing. Each township comprises a formal legal unit. Like older Scottish land measurements, such as the davoch, quarterland and oxgang, the extent of a township often varies according to the quality of the land it is on, and this can range from a hundred to a few thousand hectares. There is often a substantial tract of unimproved upland common grazing - known as a "shieling" or "''àirigh''" which is held in common. This tends to be used in the summer, but with the advent of fertilisers it is often used in colder times as well. In reference to the history of Scotland, a township is often called a toun (the Lowland Scots word for a township), although before the Anglic language Scots became widespread in Scotland the word baile was more commonly used. Traditional township ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crofting Township
Crofting (Scottish Gaelic: ') is a form of land tenure and small-scale food production peculiar to the Scottish Highlands, the islands of Scotland, and formerly on the Isle of Man. Within the 19th-century Township (Scotland), townships, individual croft (land), crofts were established on the better land, and a large area of poorer-quality hill ground was shared by all the crofters of the township for grazing of their livestock. In the 21st century, crofting is found predominantly in the rural Western and Northern Isles and in the coastal fringes of the western and northern Scottish mainland. History Origins and history before 1886 Crofting communities were a product of the Highland Clearances (though individual crofts had existed before the clearances). Previously, Highland agriculture was based on farms or , which had common grazing and arable Open field system, open fields operated on the run rig system. An individual might have between five and ten families as tenants. As ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Old English
Old English ( or , or ), or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the Early Middle Ages. It developed from the languages brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the mid-5th century, and the first Old English literature dates from the mid-7th century. After the Norman Conquest of 1066, English was replaced for several centuries by Anglo-Norman language, Anglo-Norman (a langues d'oïl, type of French) as the language of the upper classes. This is regarded as marking the end of the Old English era, since during the subsequent period the English language was heavily influenced by Anglo-Norman, developing into what is now known as Middle English in England and Early Scots in Scotland. Old English developed from a set of Anglo-Frisian or Ingvaeonic dialects originally spoken by Germanic tribes traditionally known as the Angles (tribe), Angles, Saxons and Jutes. As the Germanic settlers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Townships In The United Kingdom
A township is a form of human settlement or administrative subdivision. Its exact definition varies among countries. Although the term is occasionally associated with an urban area, this tends to be an exception to the rule. In Australia, Canada, Scotland, and parts of the United States, the term refers to settlements too small or scattered to be considered urban. Australia ''The Australian National Dictionary'' defines a township as "a site reserved for and laid out as a town; such a site at an early stage of its occupation and development; a small town". The term refers purely to the settlement; it does not refer to a unit of government. Townships are governed as part of a larger council (such as that of a shire, district or city) or authority. Canada In Canada, two kinds of township occur in common use: *In Eastern Canada, a township is one form of the subdivision of a county. In Canadian French, this is a . Townships are referred to as "lots" in Prince Edward Island; t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clachan
A clachan ( or ; ; ) is a small settlement or hamlet on the island of Ireland, the Isle of Man and Scotland. Though many were originally kirktowns,MacBain, A. (1911) ''An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language'' Stirling Eneas MacKay, 1982 edition by Gairm today they are often thought of as small villages lacking a church, post office, or other formal building. It is likely that many date to medieval times or earlier – a cluster of small single-storey cottages of farmers and/or fishermen, invariably found on poorer land. They were often related to the rundale system of farming. According to David Lloyd, the Great Famine in Ireland (1845–49) caused such disruption to the social system that the clachans there virtually disappeared; many in the Scottish Highlands were victims of the Clearances. In some cases, they have evolved into holiday villages, or one or two houses have taken over, turning smaller houses into agricultural outhouses. Remains can be seen in many ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Half-foot
Half-foot (, ) was a kind of land tenure peculiar to northern and western Scotland. The possessor, generally impoverished, or without facilities for working the land, often furnished the land and seed corn, and the tenant cultivated it, the produce being equally divided between them. There have been instances of it in the 20th century. Other uses: * A certain stage in the drying of peats. * Part of a hand line See also * Crofting * Township (Scotland) In Scotland a croft (land), crofting township is a group of farm, agricultural smallholdings (each with its own few hectares of pasture and arable land (in-bye land)) holding in common a substantial tract of unimproved upland grazing. Each town ... * Aoghairean References * ''leth-chois'', ''leth-chas'' * ''Clan Donald'', iii Agriculture in Scotland Scots law Real property law Land tenure {{scotland-hist-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Davoch
The davoch, davach or daugh is an ancient Scottish land measurement. All of these terms are cognate with modern Scottish Gaelic '' dabhach''. The word ''dabh'' or '' damh'' means an " ox" (cf. oxgang, ''damh-imir''), but ''dabhach'' can also refer to a "tub", so may indicate productivity. It was called the ''arachor'' in the Lennox. It is thought that the measurement is of Pictish origins, and is most common in the north east, and often absent in the south of Scotland. It is particularly common in various placenames to this day, often in the form "Daugh of Invermarkie" etc. The name "Haddo" is also a corruption of “Hauf Daugh”, or half-davoch, in turn a translation of “leth-dhabhach”. Scottish land measurements tended to be based on how much livestock they could support. This was particularly important in a country where fertility would vary widely. In the east a davoch would be a portion of land that could support 60 cattle or oxen. MacBain reckoned the davoch to be “e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quarterland
A Quarterland or Ceathramh (Scottish Gaelic) was a Scotland, Scottish land measurement. It was used mainly in the west and north. It was supposed to be equivalent to eight Groatland, fourpennylands, roughly equivalent to a quarter of a Markland (Scots), markland. However, in Islay, a quarterland was equivalent to a quarter of an ounceland. Half of a quarterland would be an ''ochdamh''(ie.one-eighth), and in Islay a quarter of a quarterland a ''leothras''(ie.one-sixteenth). The name appears in many Scottish placenames, notably Kirriemuir. * Kerrowaird – Ceathramh àrd (High Quarterland) * Kerrowgair – Ceathramh geàrr (Rough Quarterland) * Kerry (Cowal) - An Ceathramh Còmh’lach (The Cowal Quarterland) * Kerrycroy - An Ceathramh cruaidh (The Hard Quarterland) * Kirriemuir – An Ceathramh Mòr/Ceathramh Mhoire (either "The Big Quarterland" or "Mary's Quarterland") ''Ceathramh'' was also used in Scottish Gaelic language, Gàidhlig for a bushel and a firlot (or four pecks), as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Townland
A townland (; Ulster-Scots: ''toonlann'') is a traditional small land division used in Ireland and in the Western Isles of Scotland, typically covering . The townland system is of medieval Gaelic origin, predating the Norman invasion, and most have Irish-derived names. However, some townland names and boundaries come from Norman manors, plantation divisions, or later creations of the Ordnance Survey.Connolly, S. J., ''The Oxford Companion to Irish History, page 577. Oxford University Press, 2002. ''Maxwell, Ian, ''How to Trace Your Irish Ancestors'', page 16. howtobooks, 2009. Townlands cover the whole island of Ireland, and the total number of inhabited townlands in Ireland was 60,679 in 1911. The total number recognised by the Placenames Database of Ireland as of 2014 was 61,098, including uninhabited townlands. Etymology The term "townland" in English is derived from the Old English word ''tūn'', denoting an enclosure. The term describes the smallest unit of land di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
8th Duke Of Argyll
George John Douglas Campbell, 8th and 1st Duke of Argyll (30 April 1823 – 24 April 1900; styled Marquess of Lorne until 1847), was a Scottish polymath and Liberal statesman. He made a significant geological discovery in the 1850s when his tenant found fossilized leaves embedded among basalt lava on the Island of Mull. He also helped to popularize ornithology and was one of the first to give a detailed account of the principles of bird flight in the hopes of advancing artificial aerial navigation (i.e. flying machines). His literary output was extensive writing on topics varying from science and theology to economy and politics. In addition to this, he served prominently in the administrations of Lord Aberdeen, Lord Palmerston, John Russell and William Gladstone. Background Argyll was born at Ardencaple Castle, Dunbartonshire, the second but only surviving son of John Campbell, 7th Duke of Argyll, and his second wife Joan Glassel, the only daughter of John Glassel. Argyll su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Argyll
Argyll (; archaically Argyle; , ), sometimes called Argyllshire, is a Shires of Scotland, historic county and registration county of western Scotland. The county ceased to be used for local government purposes in 1975 and most of the area now forms part of the larger Argyll and Bute Council areas of Scotland, council area. Argyll is of ancient origin, and broadly corresponds to the ancient kingdom of less the parts which were in Ireland. Argyll was also a diocese of Argyll, medieval bishopric with its cathedral at Lismore, Scotland, Lismore. In medieval times the area was divided into a number of provincial lordships. One of these, covering only the central part of the later county, was called Argyll. It was initially an earldom, elevated to become a dukedom in 1701 with the creation of the Duke of Argyll. Other lordships in the area included Cowal, Kintyre, Knapdale, and Lorne, Scotland, Lorn. From at least the 14th century there was a Sheriff of Argyll, whose jurisdictio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Auchindrain
Auchindrain (: 'thorn field') lies on the A83 road (Scotland), A83, south of Inveraray in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. It is the only Township (Scotland), township to survive substantially unaltered from amongst the many hundreds that existed across the Scottish Highlands before the Highland Clearances of the late 18th and 19th centuries. The major feature of the museum is the 22 buildings and building remains of the township. Twelve of these buildings are mainly complete, with the remains of the other 10 either needing or undergoing restoration work. Much of this work is carried out by volunteers and enthusiasts like the West of Scotland Dry Stone Walling Association. Also within the of museum grounds are other man-made structures in various condition of repair, including stone Dyke (embankment), dykes, stackyards, stack bases, Kitchen garden, kailyards, middens, pathways, roads, a corn kiln and evidence of run rig farming methods. The site is open to the public as the Auchindr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Highland Clearances
The Highland Clearances ( , the "eviction of the Gaels") were the evictions of a significant number of tenants in the Scottish Highlands and Islands, mostly in two phases from 1750 to 1860. The first phase resulted from Scottish Agricultural Revolution, agricultural improvement, driven by the need for landlords to increase their income – many had substantial debts, with actual or potential bankruptcy being a large part of the story of the clearances. This involved the enclosure of the Open-field system, open fields managed on the run rig system and shared grazing. These were usually replaced with large-scale Pastoral farming, pastoral farms on which much higher rents were paid. The displaced tenants were expected to be employed in industries such as fishing, quarrying, or Kelp#Uses, kelp harvesting and processing. Their reduction in status from farmer to Croft (land), crofter was one of the causes of resentment. The second phase involved overcrowded crofting communities from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
