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Top-hat Transform
In mathematical morphology and digital image processing, a top-hat transform is an operation that extracts small elements and details from given images. There exist two types of top-hat transform: the ''white top-hat transform'' is defined as the difference between the input image and its opening by some structuring element, while the ''black top-hat transform'' is defined dually as the difference between the closing and the input image. Top-hat transforms are used for various image processing tasks, such as feature extraction, background equalization, image enhancement, and others. Mathematical definitions Let f:E\mapsto \mathbb be a grayscale image, mapping points from a Euclidean space or discrete grid ''E'' (such as \mathbb^2 or \mathbb^2) into the real line. Let b(x) be a structuring element of grayscale. Then, the white top-hat transform of ''f'' is given by: :T_w(f)=f-f \circ b, where \circ denotes the opening operation. The black top-hat transform of ''f'' (sometimes c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematical Morphology
Mathematical morphology (MM) is a theory and technique for the analysis and processing of Geometry, geometrical structures, based on set theory, lattice theory, topology, and random functions. MM is most commonly applied to digital images, but it can be employed as well on Graph (discrete mathematics), graphs, polygon mesh, surface meshes, Solid geometry, solids, and many other spatial structures. Topology, Topological and Geometry, geometrical continuum (theory), continuous-space concepts such as size, shape, convex set, convexity, Connectedness, connectivity, and geodesic distance, were introduced by MM on both continuous and discrete spaces. MM is also the foundation of morphological image processing, which consists of a set of operators that transform images according to the above characterizations. The basic morphological operators are Erosion (morphology), erosion, Dilation (morphology), dilation, Opening (morphology), opening and Closing (morphology), closing. MM was orig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Digital Image Processing
Digital image processing is the use of a digital computer to process digital images through an algorithm. As a subcategory or field of digital signal processing, digital image processing has many advantages over analog image processing. It allows a much wider range of algorithms to be applied to the input data and can avoid problems such as the build-up of Noise (signal processing), noise and distortion during processing. Since images are defined over two dimensions (perhaps more), digital image processing may be modeled in the form of Multidimensional system, multidimensional systems. The generation and development of digital image processing are mainly affected by three factors: first, the development of computers; second, the development of mathematics (especially the creation and improvement of discrete mathematics, discrete mathematics theory); and third, the demand for a wide range of applications in environment, agriculture, military, industry and medical science has incre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Image
An image or picture is a visual representation. An image can be Two-dimensional space, two-dimensional, such as a drawing, painting, or photograph, or Three-dimensional space, three-dimensional, such as a carving or sculpture. Images may be displayed through other media, including a Projector, projection on a surface, activation of electronic signals, or Display device, digital displays; they can also be reproduced through mechanical means, such as photography, printmaking, or Photocopier, photocopying. Images can also be Animation, animated through digital or physical processes. In the context of signal processing, an image is a distributed amplitude of color(s). In optics, the term ''image'' (or ''optical image'') refers specifically to the reproduction of an object formed by light waves coming from the object. A ''volatile image'' exists or is perceived only for a short period. This may be a reflection of an object by a mirror, a projection of a camera obscura, or a scene d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Opening (morphology)
In mathematical morphology, opening is the dilation of the erosion of a set A by a structuring element B: :A\circ B = (A\ominus B)\oplus B, \, where \ominus and \oplus denote erosion and dilation, respectively. Together with closing, the opening serves in computer vision and image processing as a basic workhorse of morphological noise removal. Opening removes small objects from the foreground (usually taken as the bright pixels) of an image, placing them in the background, while closing removes small holes in the foreground, changing small islands of background into foreground. These techniques can also be used to find specific shapes in an image. Opening can be used to find things into which a specific structuring element can fit (edges, corners, ...). One can think of ''B'' sweeping around the inside of the boundary of ''A'', so that it does not extend beyond the boundary, and shaping the ''A'' boundary around the boundary of the element. Properties * Opening is idempote ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Structuring Element
In mathematical morphology, a structuring element is a shape, used to probe or interact with a given image, with the purpose of drawing conclusions on how this shape fits or misses the shapes in the image. It is typically used in morphological operations, such as dilation, erosion, opening, and closing, as well as the hit-or-miss transform. According to Georges Matheron, knowledge about an object (e.g., an image) depends on the manner in which we probe (observe) it.See ( Dougherty 1992), chapter 1, page 1. In particular, the choice of a certain structuring element for a particular morphological operation influences the information one can obtain. There are two main characteristics that are directly related to structuring elements: * Shape. For example, the structuring element can be a "ball" or a line; convex or a ring, etc. By choosing a particular structuring element, one sets a way of differentiating some objects (or parts of objects) from others, according to their shape or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Closing (morphology)
In mathematical morphology, the closing of a set (binary image) ''A'' by a structuring element ''B'' is the erosion of the dilation of that set, :A\bullet B = (A\oplus B)\ominus B, \, where \oplus and \ominus denote the dilation and erosion, respectively. In image processing, closing is, together with opening, the basic workhorse of morphological noise removal. Opening removes small objects, while closing removes small holes. Example Perform Dilation ( A\oplus B ): Suppose A is the following 11 x 11 matrix and B is the following 3 x 3 matrix: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 For each pixel in A that has a value of 1, superimpose B, with t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Feature Extraction
Feature may refer to: Computing * Feature recognition, could be a hole, pocket, or notch * Feature (computer vision), could be an edge, corner or blob * Feature (machine learning), in statistics: individual measurable properties of the phenomena being observed * Software feature, a distinguishing characteristic of a software program Science and analysis * Feature data, in geographic information systems, comprise information about an entity with a geographic location * Features, in audio signal processing, an aim to capture specific aspects of audio signals in a numeric way * Feature (archaeology), any dug, built, or dumped evidence of human activity Media * Feature film, a film with a running time long enough to be considered the principal or sole film to fill a program ** Feature length, the standardized length of such films * Feature story, a piece of non-fiction writing about news * Radio documentary (feature), a radio program devoted to covering a particular topic in so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Image Enhancement
Image editing encompasses the processes of altering images, whether they are digital photographs, traditional photo-chemical photographs, or illustrations. Traditional analog image editing is known as photo retouching, using tools such as an airbrush to modify photographs or edit illustrations with any traditional art medium. Graphic software programs, which can be broadly grouped into vector graphics editors, raster graphics editors, and 3D modelers, are the primary tools with which a user may manipulate, enhance, and transform images. Many image editing programs are also used to render or create computer art from scratch. The term "image editing" usually refers only to the editing of 2D images, not 3D ones. Basics of image editing Raster images are stored on a computer in the form of a grid of picture elements, or pixels. These pixels contain the image's color and brightness information. Image editors can change the pixels to enhance the image in many ways. The pixe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grayscale
In digital photography, computer-generated imagery, and colorimetry, a greyscale (more common in Commonwealth English) or grayscale (more common in American English) image is one in which the value of each pixel is a single sample (signal), sample representing only an ''amount'' of light; that is, it carries only luminous intensity, intensity information. Grayscale images, are black-and-white or gray monochrome, and composed exclusively of shades of gray. The contrast (vision), contrast ranges from black at the weakest intensity to white at the strongest. Grayscale images are distinct from one-bit bi-tonal black-and-white images, which, in the context of computer imaging, are images with only two colors: black and white (also called ''bilevel'' or ''binary images''). Grayscale images have many shades of gray in between. Grayscale images can be the result of measuring the intensity of light at each pixel according to a particular weighted combination of frequencies (or wavelen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Euclidean Space
Euclidean space is the fundamental space of geometry, intended to represent physical space. Originally, in Euclid's ''Elements'', it was the three-dimensional space of Euclidean geometry, but in modern mathematics there are ''Euclidean spaces'' of any positive integer dimension ''n'', which are called Euclidean ''n''-spaces when one wants to specify their dimension. For ''n'' equal to one or two, they are commonly called respectively Euclidean lines and Euclidean planes. The qualifier "Euclidean" is used to distinguish Euclidean spaces from other spaces that were later considered in physics and modern mathematics. Ancient Greek geometers introduced Euclidean space for modeling the physical space. Their work was collected by the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid in his ''Elements'', with the great innovation of '' proving'' all properties of the space as theorems, by starting from a few fundamental properties, called '' postulates'', which either were considered as evid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lattice Graph
In graph theory, a lattice graph, mesh graph, or grid graph is a graph whose drawing, embedded in some Euclidean space , forms a regular tiling. This implies that the group of bijective transformations that send the graph to itself is a lattice in the group-theoretical sense. Typically, no clear distinction is made between such a graph in the more abstract sense of graph theory, and its drawing in space (often the plane or 3D space). This type of graph may more shortly be called just a lattice, mesh, or grid. Moreover, these terms are also commonly used for a finite section of the infinite graph, as in "an 8 × 8 square grid". The term lattice graph has also been given in the literature to various other kinds of graphs with some regular structure, such as the Cartesian product of a number of complete graphs. Square grid graph A common type of lattice graph (known under different names, such as grid graph or square grid graph) is the graph whose vertices corresp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Opening (morphology)
In mathematical morphology, opening is the dilation of the erosion of a set A by a structuring element B: :A\circ B = (A\ominus B)\oplus B, \, where \ominus and \oplus denote erosion and dilation, respectively. Together with closing, the opening serves in computer vision and image processing as a basic workhorse of morphological noise removal. Opening removes small objects from the foreground (usually taken as the bright pixels) of an image, placing them in the background, while closing removes small holes in the foreground, changing small islands of background into foreground. These techniques can also be used to find specific shapes in an image. Opening can be used to find things into which a specific structuring element can fit (edges, corners, ...). One can think of ''B'' sweeping around the inside of the boundary of ''A'', so that it does not extend beyond the boundary, and shaping the ''A'' boundary around the boundary of the element. Properties * Opening is idempote ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
