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Tirigan
Tirigan (''fl.'' late 3rd millennium BCE, , ''ti-ri₂-ga-a-an'') was the 19th and last Gutian ruler in Sumer mentioned on the "''Sumerian King List''" (''SKL''). According to the ''SKL'': Tirigan was the successor of Si'um. Tirigan ruled for 40 days before being defeated by Utu-hengal of Uruk, ''c.'' 2050 BC. Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford Sumerian King List According to the ''Sumerian King List'':Victory stele of Utu-hengal Tirigan is mentioned extensively in the victory stele of his nemesis and successor, |
Gutian Dynasty Of Sumer
The Gutian dynasty (Sumerian language, Sumerian: , gu-ti-umKI) was a line of kings, originating among the Gutian people. Originally thought to be a horde that swept in and brought down Akkadian and Sumerian rule in Mesopotamia, the Gutians are now known to have been in the area for at least a century by then. By the end of the Akkadian period, the Sumerian city of Adab (city), Adab was occupied by the Gutians, who made it their capital.M. Molina, "The palace of Adab during the Sargonic period", D. Wicke (ed.), ''Der Palast im antiken und islamischen Orient, Colloquien der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 9'', Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 2019, pp. 151-20 The Gutian Dynasty came to power in Mesopotamia near the end of the 3rd millennium BC, after the decline and fall of the Akkadian Empire. How long Gutian kings held rulership over Mesopotamia is uncertain, with estimates ranging from a few years up to a century. The end of the Gutian dynasty is marked by the accession of Uruk ruler Utu-heng ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Utu-hengal
Utu-hengal (, ; died 2112 BC), also written Utu-heg̃al, Utu-heĝal, and sometimes transcribed as Utu-hegal, Utu-hejal, Utu-Khengal, was one of the first native kings of Sumer after two hundred years of Akkadian and Gutian rule, and was at the origin of the foundation of the Third Dynasty of Ur by his governor of Ur, Ur-Nammu. He was officially "King of Uruk" in his inscriptions, and is therefore considered as the founder, and only member, of the "Fifth Dynasty of Uruk" (Uruk V). Early life There are several theories regarding his background. The most common is that he was a governor of Uruk who revolted against the Gutian kings. He led the cities of Sumer against the last Gutian king Tirigan. After a battle at an unknown location, Utu-Hengal was victorious and forced Tirigan to flee back towards Gutium. Tirigan fled to the city of Dubrum (location unknown) where the people treated him kindly. However, once the people of Dubrum heard that Utu-Hengal was marching towards the ci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Si'um
Si'um, also Siium, or Sium (, ''si-u-um'', ''fl.'' late 3rd millennium BCE) was the 18th Gutian ruler of the Gutian Dynasty of Sumer mentioned on the "''Sumerian King List''" (''SKL''). According to the ''SKL'', Si'um was the successor of Yarlaganda, and the last king of the Gutians before Tirigan."However, the last three Royal names of the Guti dynasty are again not Semitic. The last two among them are Sium and Tirikkan (Jacobsen, 1939)." in A tablet is known, dated to c. 2130 BCE, mentioning the allegiance of Lugalanatum prince of Umma to Sium, King of the Gutians."From a text recently found at Jokha we also know that Lugal-annatum, patesi of Umma, Lugalanatum patesi of Umma, owed allegiance to Sium, King of Guti" File:Si-u-um (name).jpg, Name "Si-u-um" on the tablet, and corresponding standard Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform File:Gutium_(name).jpg, Mention of the Gutian dynasty of Sumer in the tablet (last column: , gu-ti-umKI) See also * History of Sumer * List of M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sumerian King List
The ''Sumerian King List'' (abbreviated ''SKL'') or ''Chronicle of the One Monarchy'' is an ancient Composition (language), literary composition written in Sumerian language, Sumerian that was likely created and redacted to legitimize the claims to power of various city-states and kingdoms in southern Mesopotamia during the late third and early second millennium BC. It does so by repetitively listing Sumerian cities, the kings that ruled there, and the lengths of their reigns. Especially in the early part of the list, these reigns often span thousands of years. In the oldest known version, dated to the Third Dynasty of Ur, Ur III period () but probably based on Akkadian Empire, Akkadian source material, the ''SKL'' reflected a more linear transition of power from Kish (Sumer), Kish, the first city to receive kingship, to Akkad (city), Akkad. In later versions from the Old Babylonian Empire, Old Babylonian period, the list consisted of a large number of cities between which kingshi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Mesopotamian Dynasties
The history of Mesopotamia extends from the Lower Paleolithic period until the establishment of the Caliphate in the late 7th century AD, after which the region came to be known as History of Iraq, Iraq. This list covers dynasties and monarchs of Mesopotamia up until the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 539 BC, after which native Mesopotamian monarchs never again ruled the region. The earliest records of writing are known from the Uruk period (or "Protoliterate period") in the 4th millennium BC, with documentation of actual historical events, and the ancient history of the region, being known from the middle of the third millennium BC onwards, alongside cuneiform records written by early kings. This period, known as the Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia), Early Dynastic Period, is typically subdivided into three: 2900–2750 BC (ED I), 2750–2600 BC (ED II) and 2600–2350 BC (ED III), and was followed by Akkadian Empire, Akkadian (~2350–2100 BC) and Third Dynasty of Ur, Ne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gutium
The Guti (), also known by the derived exonyms Gutians or Guteans, were a people of the ancient Near East who both appeared and disappeared during the Bronze Age. Their homeland was known as Gutium ( Sumerian: , ''GutūmKI'' or , ''GutiumKI''). Conflict between people from Gutium and the Akkadian Empire has been linked to the collapse of the empire, towards the end of the The Guti subsequently overran southern Mesopotamia and formed the short lived Gutian dynasty of Sumer. The Sumerian king list suggests that the Guti ruled over Sumer for several generations following the fall of the Akkadian Empire. By the mid use of the name "Gutium", by the people of lowland Mesopotamia, was extended to include all foreigners from northwestern Iran, between the Zagros Mountains and the Tigris River. Various tribes and places to the east and northeast, regardless of ethnicity, were often referred to as ''Gutians'' or ''Gutium''. For example, Assyrian royal annals use the term Gutians in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enlil
Enlil, later known as Elil and Ellil, is an List of Mesopotamian deities, ancient Mesopotamian god associated with wind, air, earth, and storms. He is first attested as the chief deity of the Sumerian pantheon, but he was later worshipped by the Akkadian Empire, Akkadians, Babylonian Empire, Babylonians, Assyrian Empire, Assyrians, and Hurrians. Enlil's primary center of worship was the Ekur temple in the city of Nippur, which was believed to have been built by Enlil himself and was regarded as the "mooring-rope" of heaven and earth. He is also sometimes referred to in Sumerian texts as Nunamnir. According to one Sumerian hymn, Enlil himself was so holy that not even the other gods could look upon him. Enlil rose to prominence during the twenty-fourth century BC with the rise of Nippur. His Cult (religious practice), cult fell into decline after Nippur was sacked by the Elamites in 1230 BC and he was eventually supplanted as the chief god of the Mesopotamian pantheon by the Baby ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chronology Of The Ancient Near East
The chronology of the ancient Near East is a framework of dates for various events, rulers and dynasties. Historical inscriptions and texts customarily record events in terms of a succession of officials or rulers: "in the year X of king Y". Comparing many records pieces together a relative chronology relating dates in cities over a wide area. For the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC, this correlation is less certain but the following periods can be distinguished: *Early Bronze Age: Following the rise of cuneiform writing in the preceding Uruk period and Jemdet Nasr periods came a series of rulers and dynasties whose existence is based mostly on scant contemporary sources (e.g. En-me-barage-si), combined with archaeological cultures, some of which are considered problematic (e.g. Early Dynastic II). The lack of dendrochronology, astronomical correlations, and sparsity of modern, well-stratified sequences of radiocarbon dates from Southern Mesopotamia makes it difficult to assign abs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Sumer
The history of Sumer spans through the 5th to 3rd millennia BCE in southern Mesopotamia, and is taken to include the prehistoric Ubaid period, Ubaid and Uruk period, Uruk periods. Sumer was the region's earliest known civilization and ended with the downfall of the Third Dynasty of Ur around 2004 BCE. It was followed by a transitional period of Amorite states before the rise of Babylonia in the 18th century BCE. The oldest known settlement in southern Mesopotamia is Tell el-'Oueili. The Sumerians claimed that their civilization had been brought, fully formed, to the city of Eridu by their god Enki or by his advisor (or Abgallu from ''ab''=water, ''gal''=big, ''lu''=man), Adapa, Adapa U-an (the Oannes (mythology), Oannes of Berossus). The first people at Eridu brought with them the Samarra culture from northern Mesopotamia and are identified with the Ubaid period, but it is not known whether or not these were Sumerians (associated later with the Uruk period). Timeline ImageSi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tigris River
The Tigris ( ; see below) is the eastern of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates. The river flows south from the mountains of the Armenian Highlands through the Syrian and Arabian Deserts, before merging with the Euphrates and reaching to the Persian Gulf. The Tigris passes through historical cities like Mosul, Tikrit, Samarra, and Baghdad. It is also home to archaeological sites and ancient religious communities, including the Mandaeans, who use it for baptism. In ancient times, the Tigris nurtured the Assyrian Empire, with remnants like the relief of King Tiglath-Pileser. Today, the Tigris faces modern threats from geopolitical instability, dam projects, poor water management, and climate change, leading to concerns about its sustainability. Efforts to protect and preserve the river's legacy are ongoing, with local archaeologists and activists working to safeguard its future. Etymology The Ancient Greek form () is an alternativ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
