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Timothy (Seleucid Commander)
Timothy ( ''Timótheos'') was a military commander of the Seleucid Empire, active during the mid 2nd century BCE and probabaly a governor in the land of Ammon and Gilead. He fought during the Maccabee campaigns of 163 BC against the local Jews, and eventually the Maccabee rebel army themselves. He was eventually defeated by Judas Maccabeus (Judah Maccabee) at Dathema in Gilead. Primary sources No Greek records of Timothy remain, so all that is known of him are hostile accounts from the Jewish books of 1 Maccabees and 2 Maccabees. He appears briefly in Josephus's book ''Jewish Antiquities'', but the work does not add any details on him not already in 1 Maccabees. According to these sources, Timothy hired mercenaries, both Arabs and Asian horsemen, and used those forces in a local struggle with the Jews of Ammon and Gilead. Judas Maccabeus's intervention drove him off and saved the besieged Jews, and according to 2 Maccabees, Timothy died, although the timing of when and how is som ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seleucid Empire
The Seleucid Empire ( ) was a Greek state in West Asia during the Hellenistic period. It was founded in 312 BC by the Macedonian general Seleucus I Nicator, following the division of the Macedonian Empire founded by Alexander the Great, and ruled by the Seleucid dynasty until its annexation by the Roman Republic under Pompey in 63 BC. After receiving the Mesopotamian regions of Babylonia and Assyria in 321 BC, Seleucus I began expanding his dominions to include the Near Eastern territories that encompass modern-day Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Syria, and Lebanon, all of which had been under Macedonian control after the fall of the former Achaemenid Empire. At the Seleucid Empire's height, it had consisted of territory that covered Anatolia, Persia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, and what are now modern Kuwait, Afghanistan, and parts of Turkmenistan. The Seleucid Empire was a major center of Hellenistic culture. Greek customs and language were privileged; the wide vari ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2 Maccabees 10
The book 2 Maccabees contains 15 chapters. It is a Deuterocanonical books, deuterocanonical book originally written in Koine Greek that is part of the Catholic Church, Catholic, Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox Churches, Oriental Orthodox Christian biblical canons. It is still considered an important source on the Maccabean Revolt by Judaism, Jews, Protestantism, Protestants, and secular historians of the period who do not necessarily hold the book as part of a scriptural canon. The chapters chronicle events in Judea from around 178–161 BCE during the Second Temple Period. Judea was at the time ruled by the Seleucid Empire, one of the Greek successor states that resulted from the conquests of Alexander the Great. 2 Maccabees was written by an unknown History of the Jews in Egypt, Egyptian Jew. The account is distinct from the book 1 Maccabees, which was written by someone in the Hasmonean kingdom that was formed after the success of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jason Of Cyrene
Jason of Cyrene () was a Hellenistic Jew who lived around the middle of the second century BCE (fl. ~160–110 BCE?). He is the author of a five-volume history of the Maccabean Revolt and its preceding events (~178–160 BCE), which subsequently became a lost work. His history was preserved indirectly in an abridgment by an unknown Egyptian Jew, the book of 2 Maccabees, which was eventually included in the Septuagint, the Greek version of the Jewish scriptures. 2 Maccabees was eventually recognized as a deuterocanonical book included in the Catholic and Orthodox Christian biblical canon. Life Jason of Cyrene is an unknown Hellenistic Jew. While Greek-speaking, he still favored the rebel Maccabees in their revolt against the Seleucid Empire; the rebels included both traditionalist Aramaic-speaking Jews as well as Greek-speaking Jews who opposed the anti-Jewish decrees of King Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Cyrene, Libya in the Hellenistic era was a province at the western ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jazer
Jazer (or Jaazer) was a city east of the Jordan River, in or near Gilead, inhabited by the Amorites. It was taken by a special expedition sent by Moses to conquer it towards the end of the Israelites' Exodus journey from Egypt. From the Septuagint (which reads Ἰαζήρ for עז in Numbers xxi. 24) it appears that Jazer was on the border of Ammon. As an important city it gave its name to the whole of the surrounding territory—a "Sea of Jazer" is mentioned in Jeremiah xlviii. 32. Jazer is stated to have been a fertile land fit for the raising of cattle and a place having many vineyards. It was occupied by the children of Gad, by which tribe it was allotted as a Levitical city to the Merarite Levites. In the time of David it seems to have been occupied by the Hebronites, who were descendants of Kohath. It was chosen as one of the stations by David's officers who were sent to number the children of Israel. According to 1 Maccabees and Josephus (paraphrasing 1 Maccabees, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gezer
Gezer, or Tel Gezer (), in – Tell Jezar or Tell el-Jezari is an archaeological site in the foothills of the Judaean Mountains at the border of the Shfela region roughly midway between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv. It is now an List of national parks and nature reserves of Israel, Israeli national park. In the Hebrew Bible, Gezer is associated with Joshua and Solomon. The archaeological site of Tel Gezer rises to an elevation of above sea-level, and affords a commanding prospect of the plains to the west, north and east. Gezer became a major fortified Canaanite city-state in the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE. It was later destroyed by fire and rebuilt. It is first mentioned in several Ancient Egypt, ancient Egyptian inscriptions. Its importance was due in part to the strategic position it held at the crossroads of the Via Maris, ancient coastal trade route linking Egypt with Syria, Anatolia and Mesopotamia, and the road to Jerusalem and Jericho, both important trade routes. I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phylarch
A phylarch (, ) is a Greek title meaning "ruler of a tribe", from ''phyle'', "tribe" + ''archein'' "to rule". Athens In Classical Athens, a phylarch was the elected commander of the cavalry provided by each of the city's ten tribes. In 442/441 BC, during the cavalry reforms initiated by Pericles, each of these tribal groups was authorised to levy a cavalry unit (''phyle'') of 100 citizens. Each was led by a ''phylarch'', who in turn reported to two ''hipparchoi'' commanding the entire cavalry force. Both levels of officer were appointed by an electoral process carried out each year. As citizen auxiliaries to the regular Athenian cavalry, detachments of mounted archers were employed. These were also commanded by ''phylarch'' leaders. Athenian citizens provided their own equipment and clothing for military service and there is no evidence of required uniform items for any ranks. However there are literary references in drama to individual ''phylarch'' and other officers wearing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bezalel Bar-Kochva
Bezalel Bar-Kochva (Hebrew: בצלאל בר-כוכבא; born January 1, 1941) is a professor emeritus in the Department of Jewish History at Tel Aviv University. He is a historian of the Hellenistic period, the three centuries after the conquests of Alexander the Great, and the Second Temple period of Judaism. Bar-Kochva's research focuses on Judea, the Land of Israel, diaspora Jews, and the Seleucid Empire in that era. Notably, he has written extensively on the military history of the Maccabean Revolt as well as Greek views on Judaism and Jewish adaptation to Greek culture during the Hellenistic era. He is the recipient of the 2013 Humboldt Research Award Programme. Biography Bezalel Bar-Kochva was born in Tel Aviv (then part of Mandatory Palestine) in 1941. His family was part of the Revisionist movement within Zionism, a precursor to later right-wing Zionist movements. He received religious schooling as a child in yeshivas, including extensive study of the Talmud. Like ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carnaim
Ashteroth Karnaim () was a city east of the Jordan River in Bashan in the northern part of the Transjordan There were originally two neighbouring cities, Ashtaroth, and northeast of it Karnaim, the latter annexing the name of the former after Ashtaroth's decline and becoming known as Ashteroth Karnaim. Ashteroth Karnaim was mentioned under this name in the Battle of Siddim in the Book of Genesis and in Joshua 12:4, where it is rendered simply as "Ashtaroth". Karnaim is also mentioned by the prophet Amos in Amos 6:13, where those in Israel are boasting to have taken it. Karnaim/Ashteroth Karnaim is considered to be the same as the Karnein of the Hellenistic period mentioned in 2 Maccabees 12:21, rendered in the King James Version as Carnion, and possibly as "Carnaim" in 1 Maccabees. Eusebius (c. 260/265–340) writes of Karneia/Karnaia, a large village inArabia Petraea, where a house of Job was identified by tradition. Ashteroth in the Assyrian relief Tell Ashtara is men ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2 Maccabees 12
The book 2 Maccabees contains 15 chapters. It is a deuterocanonical book originally written in Koine Greek that is part of the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox Christian biblical canons. It is still considered an important source on the Maccabean Revolt by Jews, Protestants, and secular historians of the period who do not necessarily hold the book as part of a scriptural canon. The chapters chronicle events in Judea from around 178–161 BCE during the Second Temple Period. Judea was at the time ruled by the Seleucid Empire, one of the Greek successor states that resulted from the conquests of Alexander the Great. 2 Maccabees was written by an unknown Egyptian Jew. The account is distinct from the book 1 Maccabees, which was written by someone in the Hasmonean kingdom that was formed after the success of the revolt. In general, 2 Maccabees has a more directly religious perspective than 1 Maccabees, frequently directly crediting prayers, miraculous int ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
