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Thomas Holmes (missionary)
Thomas Holmes (25 January 1846 - 26 March 1918) was a British police-court missionary, philanthropist, author and, upon retirement, secretary of the Howard Association (now the Howard League for Penal Reform). His career as a missionary made him "a well-known figure, universally respected", in particular his interventions and friendship with the notorious Jane Cakebread. He wrote several books on criminology and London's "criminal underworld". From the age of twelve to thirty-three, he was an iron-moulder like his father; a serious accident in 1877 forced him to find a less physical job. His friends advised him in 1885 to apply for the role of police-court missionary in Lambeth, and he was appointed. In 1889 he was transferred to North London police court. Career as a police-court missionary Police-court missionaries were the fore-runner to probation officers, as their initial function was to "reclaim drunkards" and subsequently other offenders too. This developed into a system ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Howard League For Penal Reform
The Howard League for Penal Reform is a registered charity in the United Kingdom. It is the oldest penal reform organisation in the world, named after John Howard. It was founded as the Howard Association in 1866 and changed its name in 1921, following a merger with the Penal Reform League. The charity focuses on penal reform in England and Wales. The Howard League is independent of the United Kingdom government and is funded by voluntary donations and membership donations. The charity also receives funding from the Legal Services Commission, as it holds Legal Aid contracts in order to perform its work with young people in custody. The Howard League Centre for Penal Reform, the charity's headquarters since 2000, was officially opened by Betty Boothroyd in November 2001. The Centre is located in north London. History In 1921, the Howard Association merged with the Penal Reform League to become the Howard League for Penal Reform. The Penal Reform League had been founded in 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cottage Industry
The putting-out system is a means of subcontracting work, like a tailor. Historically, it was also known as the workshop system and the domestic system. In putting-out, work is contracted by a central agent to subcontractors who complete the project via remote work. It was used in the English and American textile industries, in shoemaking, lock-making trades, and making parts for small firearms from the Industrial Revolution until the mid-19th century. After the invention of the sewing machine in 1846, the system lingered on for the making of ready-made men's clothing. The domestic system was suited to pre-urban times because workers did not have to travel from home to work, which was quite unfeasible due to the state of roads and footpaths, and members of the household spent many hours in farm or household tasks. Early factory owners sometimes had to build dormitories to house workers, especially girls and women. Putting-out workers had some flexibility to balance farm and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Probation And Parole Officers
Probation in criminal law is a period of supervision over an offender, ordered by the court often in lieu of incarceration. In some jurisdictions, the term ''probation'' applies only to community sentences (alternatives to incarceration), such as suspended sentences. In others, probation also includes supervision of those conditionally released from prison on parole. An offender on probation is ordered to follow certain conditions set forth by the court, often under the supervision of a probation officer. During the period of probation, an offender faces the threat of being incarcerated if found breaking the rules set by the court or probation officer. Offenders are ordinarily required to maintain law-abiding behavior, and may be ordered to refrain from possession of firearms, remain employed, participate in an educational program, abide by a curfew, live at a directed place, obey the orders of the probation officer, or not leave the jurisdiction. The probationer might be orde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
British Missionaries
British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies. * British national identity, the characteristics of British people and culture * British English, the English language as spoken and written in United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and, more broadly, throughout the British Isles * Celtic Britons, an ancient ethno-linguistic group * Brittonic languages, a branch of the Insular Celtic language family (formerly called British) ** Common Brittonic, an ancient language Other uses *People or things associated with: ** Great Britain, an island ** British Isles, an island group ** United Kingdom, a sovereign state ** British Empire, a historical global colonial empire ** Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1800) ** United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922) * British Raj, colonial India under the British Empire * British Hong Kong, colonial ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1918 Deaths
The ceasefire that effectively ended the World War I, First World War took place on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month of this year. Also in this year, the Spanish flu pandemic killed 50–100 million people worldwide. In Russia, this year runs with only 352 days. As the result of Julian to Gregorian calendar switch, 13 days needed to be skipped. Wednesday, January 31 ''(Julian Calendar)'' was immediately followed by Thursday, February 14 ''(Gregorian Calendar)''. Events World War I will be abbreviated as "WWI" January * January – 1918 flu pandemic: The "Spanish flu" (influenza) is first observed in Haskell County, Kansas. * January 4 – The Finnish Declaration of Independence is recognized by Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Soviet Russia, Sweden, German Empire, Germany and France. * January 8 – American president Woodrow Wilson presents the Fourteen Points as a basis for peace negotiations to end the war. * January 9 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1846 Births
Events January–March * January 5 – The United States House of Representatives votes to stop sharing the Oregon Country with the United Kingdom. * January 13 – The Milan–Venice railway's bridge, over the Venetian Lagoon between Mestre and Venice in Italy, opens, the world's longest since 1151. * January 23 – Ahmad I ibn Mustafa, Bey of Tunis, declares the legal abolition of slavery in Tunisia. * February 4 – Led by Brigham Young, many Mormons in the U.S. begin their migration west from Nauvoo, Illinois, to the Great Salt Lake in what becomes Utah. * February 10 – First Anglo-Sikh war: Battle of Sobraon – British forces in India defeat the Sikhs. * February 18 – The Galician Peasant Uprising of 1846 begins in Austria. * February 19 – Texas annexation: United States president James K. Polk's annexation of the Republic of Texas is finalized by Texas president Anson Jones in a formal ceremony of transfer of sovereignty. The newly formed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
British Red Cross
The British Red Cross Society () is the United Kingdom body of the worldwide neutral and impartial humanitarian network the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. The society was formed in 1870, and is a registered charity with 10,500 volunteers and 3,500 staff. At the heart of their work is providing help to people in crisis, both in the UK and overseas. The Red Cross is committed to helping people without discrimination, regardless of their ethnic origin, nationality, political beliefs or religion. Queen Elizabeth II was the patron of the society until her death in 2022, and was replaced by her successor King Charles III, who previously served as president between 2003 and 2024. In the year ending December 2023, the charity's income was £331million, which included £32M from government contracts and £34M from government grants. Total expenditure was £323M, of which £246M (76%) of its income delivering its charitable activities. Guiding ethos The mission ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Walton-on-the-Naze
Walton-on-the-Naze is a seaside town on the North Sea coast. It is part of the parish of Frinton and Walton, in the Tendring District, Tendring district in Essex, England. The town is located north of Clacton and south of the port of Harwich; Frinton-on-Sea lies to the south of the town. The town has a population of 12,054, according to the United Kingdom census, 2011, 2011 census; in 1931, the parish had a population of 3,071. The town attracts many visitors; Naze, The Naze and the pier are the main attractions. The parish was earlier known as ''Eadolfenaesse'' and then as ''Walton-le-Soken''. The name ''Walton'' is a common one meaning a 'farmstead or village of the Britons', while 'Soken' denotes the Soke (legal), soke (an area of special jurisdiction) that included The Sokens, Thorpe, Kirby and Walton, which were not under the see of London but under the chapter of St Paul's Cathedral. Walton had a Her Majesty's Coastguard, HM Coastguard team and was home to the Thames MRC ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wealth Inequality
The distribution of wealth is a comparison of the wealth of various members or groups in a society. It shows one aspect of economic inequality or economic heterogeneity. The distribution of wealth differs from the income distribution in that it looks at the economic distribution of ownership of the assets in a society, rather than the current income of members of that society. According to the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, "the world distribution of wealth is much more unequal than that of income." For rankings regarding wealth, see list of countries by wealth equality or list of countries by wealth per adult. Definition of wealth Wealth of an individual is defined as net worth, expressed as: wealth = assets − liabilities A broader definition of wealth, which is rarely used in the measurement of wealth inequality, also includes human capital. For example, the United Nations definition of '' inclusive wealth'' is a monetary measure whi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jane Cakebread
Jane Cakebread (1827/1828 – 17 December 1898) was a 19th-century British homeless woman who gained notoriety for her frequent arrests for public "drunkenness". According to official records, Cakebread appeared in police court 277 times for her behaviour in public. She was believed to have set a record for number of court appearances, as well as number of newspaper paragraphs devoted to a woman during the reign of Queen Victoria, besides the queen herself. By the time of her death, she had achieved international notoriety, as both ''The London Telegraph'' and ''The New York Times'' claimed in her obituary that she had been "convicted 281 times". Cakebread had mental illness, alcohol intoxication, cirrhosis of the liver, and visual impairment. She lived the final three years of her life at Claybury Asylum in London, where she was placed under medical observation. Her tragic case focused public attention on the ineffectiveness of the policy of dealing with drunkenness through sho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edward Grubb (Quaker)
Edward Grubb (19 October 1854 – 23 January 1939) was an influential English Quaker who made significant contributions to revitalizing pacifism and a concern for social issues in the Religious Society of Friends in the late 19th century as a leader of the movement known as the ''Quaker Renaissance''. He also wrote a number of hymns including ''Our God, to Whom we turn''. He would later play a major role in the No-Conscription Fellowship, an organization that united and supported conscientious objectors in Britain during World War One. Early career Grubb was born in Sudbury, Suffolk, educated at Bootham School, York and studied at the University of Leeds and University of London. He began his career as a teacher when he returned to Bootham School in York, England. Bootham is a boarding school for boys of the Religious Society of Friends. Grubb had attended the school himself, beginning in 1868 at the age of fourteen. He would later move on to teach at a number of other sc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
