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The Election Of Uthman
The Election of Uthman was the appointment of Uthman ibn Affan as the third caliph by a committee ( ), which was assembled by the dying caliph Umar in 23 AH (643-4 CE). The committee likely consisted of six early Muslims from the Quraysh tribe, including the prophet Muhammad's second cousin and son-in-law Uthman and Muhammad's first cousin and son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib. The deciding vote was given to Uthman's brother-in-law Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, who appointed the former as the next caliph after the deliberations stalled. The choice of the wealthy Uthman is often explained as intended to guard the interests of the Quraysh and to follow the practices of the first two caliphs, namely, Abu Bakr and Umar. The committee has been criticized for its bias towards Uthman and for its exclusion of the Ansar. Committee The committee was convened in Medina by the second caliph Umar () after he was stabbed in 23/644 by Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz, a Persian slave. On his deathbed, Umar task ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Balami
Abu Ali Muhammad Bal'ami (, died 992/997 CE), also called Amirak Bal'ami () and Bal'ami-i Kuchak (, "Bal'ami the Younger"), was a 10th-century Persian historian, writer, and vizier to the Samanids. He was from the influential Bal'ami family. Biography He was born in Lashjerd in the district of Merv, then part of the Samanid Empire. He was the son of Abu'l-Fadl al-Bal'ami (also called Bal'ami-i Buzurg; "Bal'ami the Elder"). Muhammad Bal'ami was appointed vizier late in the reign of Abd al-Malik I (r. 954-961) and kept holding the office under Abd al-Malik's successor, Mansur I (r. 961-976). According to Gardizi, Bal'ami died in March 974 while serving in office, but according to the Persian historian al-Utbi, he was later from removed the vizierate office, and was reappointed later as the vizier of Nuh II (r. 976-997), but chose to retire in 992, dying in an unknown date before 997. Work Bal'ami most famous work is '' Tarikhnama'', a historical text that spans a period be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muhammad
Muhammad (8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious and political leader and the founder of Islam. Muhammad in Islam, According to Islam, he was a prophet who was divinely inspired to preach and confirm the tawhid, monotheistic teachings of Adam in Islam, Adam, Noah in Islam, Noah, Abraham in Islam, Abraham, Moses in Islam, Moses, Jesus in Islam, Jesus, and other Prophets and messengers in Islam, prophets. He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets in Islam, and along with the Quran, his teachings and Sunnah, normative examples form the basis for Islamic religious belief. Muhammad was born in Mecca to the aristocratic Banu Hashim clan of the Quraysh. He was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. His father, Abdullah, the son of tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, died around the time Muhammad was born. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan. He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khalid Ibn Al-Walid
Khalid ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi (; died 642) was a 7th-century Arabs, Arab military commander. He initially led campaigns against Muhammad on behalf of the Quraysh. He later became a Muslim and spent the remainder of his career serving Muhammad and the first two Rashidun caliphs: Abu Bakr and Umar. Khalid played leading command roles in the Ridda Wars against rebel tribes in Arabia in 632–633, the Muslim conquest of Persia#First invasion of Mesopotamia (633), initial campaigns in Sasanian Iraq in 633–634, and the Muslim conquest of the Levant, conquest of Byzantine Syria in 634–638. As a horseman of the Quraysh's aristocratic Banu Makhzum clan, which ardently opposed Muhammad, Khalid played an instrumental role in defeating Muhammad and his followers during the Battle of Uhud in 625. In 627 or 629, he converted to Islam in the presence of Muhammad, who inducted him as an official military commander among the Muslims and gave him the title of (). During th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muadh Ibn Jabal
Muʿādh ibn Jabal (; 603 – 639) was a (companion) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Muadh was an of the Banu Khazraj tribe and compiled the Quran with five companions while Muhammad was still alive. He acquired a reputation for knowledge. Muhammad called him "the one who will lead the scholars into Paradise".Islamiat for students Biography Era of Muhammad Mu'adh accepted Islam before the Second pledge at al-Aqabah in submission before Muhammad. Nevertheless, he was one of those who took the pledge. He was a major companion. Muhammad sent Mu'adh as the governor of Yemen to collect zakat. When Muhammad sent Mu'adh to Yemen to teach its people about Islam, he personally bade farewell to him, walking for some distance alongside him as he set out to leave the city. It is said that Muhammad informed him that on his return to Medina, he would perhaps see only his Masjid an-Nabawi, masjid and grave. Upon hearing this, Mu'adh began to cry. He used to execute apostates. (Sahih al-B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu Hudhayfa Ibn Utba
Abū Ḥudhayfa ibn ʿUtbaṬabaqāt Ibn Saʿd 3/1/59-60, Tārīkh Khalīfah: 111, al-Maʿārif: 272, al-Istiʿāb: 11/194, Usd al-Ghābah: 6/70-72, Tahdhīb al-Asmāʾ wa al-Lughāt: 2/212, al-ʿIbar: 1/14, al-ʿIqd al-Thamīn: 3/295, al-Iṣābah: 11/81. (Arabic: أبو حذيفة بن عتبة; died 633), full name Qays ibn Utba ibn Rabi'a ibn Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf ibn Qusay ibn Kilab al-Qurashī al-ʿAbshamī was from the early companions of the prophet Muhammad and the leader of his tribe, Banu 'Absham. He participated in several battles such as the battle of Badr. Biography Abū Ḥudhayfah bin ʿUtbah converted to Islam before entering the House of Al-Arqam, it was said that he was tall, handsome, with even teeth, and was said that he was known as ‘the squinting one’. He was the maternal uncle of the martyr Mus'ab ibn Umayr and of the Caliph Muawiyah. Some narrations recorded that his name was "Muhasham" however Al-Suhayli refutes those narrations stating tha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mawla
''Mawlā'' (, plural ''mawālī'' ), is a polysemous Arabic word, whose meaning varied in different periods and contexts.A.J. Wensinck, Encyclopedia of Islam 2nd ed, Brill. "Mawlā", vol. 6, p. 874. Before the Islamic prophet Muhammad, the term applied to any form of tribal association. In the Quran and hadiths it is used in multiple senses, including 'lord', 'guardian', and 'trustee'. After Muhammad's death, the Umayyad dynasty accepted new converts to Islam into Arab-Muslim society and the word ''mawali'' gained currency as an appellation for converted non-Arab Muslims in the early Islamic caliphates. Etymology The word ''mawla'', which was used by the Islamic prophet Muhammad about Ali in the Ghadir Khumm speech, is derived from the root ''w-l-y'', meaning "to be close to" or "to have power over". ''Mawla'' can have reciprocal meanings, depending on whether it is used in the active or passive voice: "master" Originally, ''mawāli'' were clients of an Arab people, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salim Ibn Ma'qil
Salim Mawla Abi Ḥudhayfah (, ') was a Persian, an early companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was described to be prominent and knowledgeable. Biography of the Nobles by Al-Dhahabi, Risala Foundation Edition: 1/167 He was named so since he was the freed slave of Abū Ḥudhayfah ibn 'Utba, see Mawla. Birth Salim Ibn Ma'qil was born in Istakhr, an ancient city in what is now southwestern Iran. He later became the slave of Abū Ḥudhayfah and was freed by Thubayta bint Ya'ar, the wife of Abū Ḥudhayfah, and was adopted (in the Islamic way). Re-adoption through breastmilk When initially brought into Abū Ḥudhayfah's household, Salim was considered to be adopted. However, after he had already aged out of breastfeeding, a Qu'ranic verse established that adopted children are not mahram.https://islamqa.org/hanafi/daruliftaa/8424/ This became problematic when Salim reached puberty while remaining in Abū Ḥudhayfah's household as a young man. The Prophet therefore prop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu Ubayda Ibn Al-Jarrah
ʿĀmir ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Jarrāḥ (; 583–639), better known as Abū ʿUbayda () was a Muslim commander and one of the Companions of the Prophet. He is mostly known for being one of the ten to whom Paradise was promised. He was commander of a large section of the Rashidun Army during the time of the Rashid Caliph Umar and was on the list of Umar's appointed successors to the Caliphate, but died during the Plague of Amwas in 639 before Umar. Ancestry and early life Abu Ubayda belonged to the al-Harith ibn Fihr clan, also called the Balharith, of the Quraysh tribe. The clan was settled in the lower quarter of Mecca, a town in the Hejaz (western Arabia) and home of the Quraysh. During the pre-Islamic period (pre-620s), the Balharith were allied to the Banu Abd Manaf (the ancestral clan of the Islamic prophet Muhammad) in the Mutayyabun faction, against the other Qurayshite clans headed by the Banu Abd al-Dar. Abu Ubayda's father Abd Allah was among the chiefs of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Tabari
Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr ibn Yazīd al-Ṭabarī (; 839–923 CE / 224–310 AH), commonly known as al-Ṭabarī (), was a Sunni Muslim scholar, polymath, historian, exegete, jurist, and theologian from Amol, Tabaristan, present-day Iran. Among the most prominent figures of the Islamic Golden Age, al-Tabari is widely known for his historical works and expertise in Quranic exegesis, and has been described as "an impressively prolific polymath".Lindsay Jones (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of religion'', volume 13, Macmillan Reference USA, 2005, p. 8943 He authored works on a diverse range of subjects, including world history, poetry, lexicography, grammar, ethics, mathematics, and medicine. Among his most famous and influential works are his Quranic commentary, '' Tafsir al-Tabari'', and historical chronicle, '' Tarikh al-Tabari''. Al-Tabari followed the Shafi'i school for nearly a decade before he developed his own interpretation of Islamic jurisprudence. His understand ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persian People
Persians ( ), or the Persian people (), are an Iranian peoples, Iranian ethnic group from West Asia that came from an earlier group called the Proto-Iranians, which likely split from the Indo-Iranians in 1800 BCE from either Afghanistan or Central Asia. They are indigenous to the Iranian plateau and comprise the majority of the population of Iran.Iran Census Results 2016 United Nations Alongside having a Culture of Iran, common cultural system, they are native speakers of the Persian language and of the Western Iranian languages that are closely related to it. In the Western world, "Persian" was largely understood as a demonym for all Iranians rather than as an ethnonym for the Persian people, but this understanding Name of Iran, shi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz
(, from Middle Persian: ''Pērōz''), also known in modern Persian-language sources as () or (), was a Sasanian Persian slave who assassinated Umar ibn al-Khattab (), the second Islamic caliph, in November 644. After having been captured in battle during the Arab-Muslim conquest of Persia, Abu Lu'lu'a was brought to Medina, the then-capital of the Rashidun Caliphate, which was normally off-limits to non-Arab captives. However, as a highly skilled craftsman, Abu Lu'lu'a was exceptionally allowed entrance into the city in order to work for the caliph. His motive for killing the caliph is not entirely clear, but medieval sources generally attribute it to a tax dispute. At one point, Abu Lu'lu'a is said to have asked the caliph to lift a tax imposed upon him by his Arab master, al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba. When Umar refused to lift the tax, Abu Lu'lu'a attacked him while he was leading the congregational prayer in the mosque, stabbing him with a double-bladed dagger and leaving h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
