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Thawte
Thawte Consulting (pronounced "thought") is a certificate authority (CA) for X.509 certificates. Thawte was founded in 1995 by Mark Shuttleworth in South Africa. As of December 30, 2016, its then-parent company, Symantec Group, was collectively the third largest public CA on the Internet with 17.2% market share. History Thawte was originally run from Mark Shuttleworth's parents' garage. Shuttleworth aimed to produce a secure server not fettered by the restrictions on the export of cryptography which had been imposed by the United States. The server, Sioux, was a fork of the Apache HTTP server; it was later integrated with the Stronghold web server as Thawte began to concentrate more on their certification activities. In 1999, Verisign acquired Thawte in a stock purchase from Shuttleworth for US $575 million. Both Verisign and Thawte had certificates in the first Netscape browsers, and were thus " grandfathered" into all other web browsers. Before Verisign's purchase ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mark Shuttleworth
Mark Richard Shuttleworth (born 18 September 1973) is a South African and British entrepreneur, founder and CEO of Canonical, the company behind the Ubuntu Linux operating system. In 2002, Shuttleworth became the first African to travel to space, doing so as a space tourist. He holds dual citizenship from South Africa and the United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan .... As of 2020, the '' Sunday Times Rich List'' estimated Shuttleworth's worth at £500 million. Early life Shuttleworth was born in Welkom, Free State, South Africa, to a surgeon and a nursery-school teacher. He attended Western Province Preparatory School (where he became Head Boy in 1986), followed by one term at Rondebosch Boys' High School, and then Bishops/Diocesan College where he was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DigiCert Inc
DigiCert, Inc. is a digital security company headquartered in Lehi, Utah. DigiCert provides public key infrastructure (PKI) and validation required for issuing digital certificates or TLS/SSL certificates, acting as a certificate authority (CA). History DigiCert was founded by Ken Bretschneider in 2003 and sold in 2012. Bretschneider stepped down from the position of CEO to retain business strategy oversight as executive board chairman while Nicholas Hales became CEO. In 2016, the company named John Merrill CEO, who left the company in 2022. In 2005, DigiCert became a founding member of the CA/Browser Forum. In 2007, DigiCert partnered with Microsoft to develop the industry's first multi-domain (SAN) certificate. In 2015, DigiCert acquired the CyberTrust Enterprise SSL business from Verizon Enterprise Solutions. Following the acquisition, DigiCert expanded its market share in high-assurance or extended validation (EV) TLS/SSL certificates(EV) TLS/SSL certificates. On August ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DigiCert
DigiCert, Inc. is a digital security company headquartered in Lehi, Utah. DigiCert provides public key infrastructure (PKI) and validation required for issuing Public key certificate, digital certificates or Transport Layer Security, TLS/SSL certificates, acting as a certificate authority (CA). History DigiCert was founded by Ken Bretschneider in 2003 and sold in 2012. Bretschneider stepped down from the position of CEO to retain business strategy oversight as executive board chairman while Nicholas Hales became CEO. In 2016, the company named John Merrill CEO, who left the company in 2022. In 2005, DigiCert became a founding member of the CA/Browser Forum. In 2007, DigiCert partnered with Microsoft to develop the industry's first multi-domain (SAN) certificate. In 2015, DigiCert acquired the CyberTrust Enterprise SSL business from Verizon Enterprise Solutions. Following the acquisition, DigiCert expanded its market share in high-assurance or extended validation (EV) TLS/SSL c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Public Key Certificate
In cryptography, a public key certificate, also known as a digital certificate or identity certificate, is an electronic document used to prove the validity of a Key authentication, public key. The certificate includes the public key and information about it, information about the identity of its owner (called the subject), and the digital signature of an entity that has verified the certificate's contents (called the issuer). If the device examining the certificate trusts the issuer and finds the signature to be a valid signature of that issuer, then it can use the included public key to communicate securely with the certificate's subject. In email encryption, code signing, and Electronic signature, e-signature systems, a certificate's subject is typically a person or organization. However, in Transport Layer Security (TLS) a certificate's subject is typically a computer or other device, though TLS certificates may identify organizations or individuals in addition to their core rol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ubuntu
Ubuntu ( ) is a Linux distribution based on Debian and composed primarily of free and open-source software. Developed by the British company Canonical (company), Canonical and a community of contributors under a Meritocracy, meritocratic governance model, Ubuntu is released in multiple official editions: ''Desktop computer, Desktop'', ''Server (computing), Server'', and ''Core'' for Internet of things, IoT and robotic devices. Ubuntu is published on a six-month release cycle, with long-term support (LTS) versions issued every two years. Canonical provides security updates and support until each release reaches its designated end-of-life (product), end-of-life (EOL), with optional extended support available through the Ubuntu Pro and Expanded Security Maintenance (ESM) services. , the latest stable release is Ubuntu version history#Ubuntu 25.04 (Plucky Puffin), 25.04 ("Plucky Puffin"), and the current LTS release is Ubuntu version history#Ubuntu 24.04 LTS (Noble Numbat), 24.04 ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Canonical (company)
Canonical Ltd. is a privately-held computer software company based in London, England. It was founded and funded by South African entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth to market commercial support and related services for Ubuntu and related projects. Canonical employs staff in more than 70 countries and maintains offices in London, Austin, Boston, Shanghai, Beijing, Taipei, Tokyo and the Isle of Man. Projects Canonical Ltd. has created and continues to back several projects. Principally these are free and open-source software ( FOSS) or tools designed to improve collaboration between free software developers and contributors. Some projects require a Contributor License Agreement to be signed. Open-source software * Ubuntu, a Debian-based Linux distribution with GNOME (formerly with Unity) desktop ** Ubuntu Core, a tiny and transactional version of Ubuntu * GNU Bazaar, a decentralized revision control system * Storm, an object-relational mapper for Python, part of the Launchpa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Secure Sockets Layer
Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a cryptographic protocol designed to provide communications security over a computer network, such as the Internet. The protocol is widely used in applications such as email, instant messaging, and voice over IP, but its use in securing HTTPS remains the most publicly visible. The TLS protocol aims primarily to provide security, including privacy (confidentiality), integrity, and authenticity through the use of cryptography, such as the use of certificates, between two or more communicating computer applications. It runs in the presentation layer and is itself composed of two layers: the TLS record and the TLS handshake protocols. The closely related Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) is a communications protocol that provides security to datagram-based applications. In technical writing, references to "(D)TLS" are often seen when it applies to both versions. TLS is a proposed Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard, first def ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cryptography
Cryptography, or cryptology (from "hidden, secret"; and ''graphein'', "to write", or ''-logy, -logia'', "study", respectively), is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of Adversary (cryptography), adversarial behavior. More generally, cryptography is about constructing and analyzing Communication protocol, protocols that prevent third parties or the public from reading private messages. Modern cryptography exists at the intersection of the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, information security, electrical engineering, digital signal processing, physics, and others. Core concepts related to information security (confidentiality, data confidentiality, data integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation) are also central to cryptography. Practical applications of cryptography include electronic commerce, Smart card#EMV, chip-based payment cards, digital currencies, password, computer passwords, and military communications. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CAcert
CAcert.org is a community-driven certificate authority that issues free X.509 public key certificates. CAcert.org relies heavily on automation and therefore issues only Domain-validated certificates (and not Extended validation or Organization Validation certificates). These certificates can be used to digitally sign and encrypt email; encrypt code and documents; and to authenticate and authorize user connections to websites via TLS/SSL. CAcert Inc. Association On 24 July 2003, Duane Groth incorporated CAcert Inc. as a non-profit association registered in New South Wales, Australia and after, in September 2024, moved to Europe in Geneva, Switzerland. CAcert Inc runs CAcert.org—a community-driven certificate authority. In 2004, the Dutch Internet pioneer Teus Hagen became involved. He served as board member and, in 2008, as a president. Certificate Trust status CAcert.org's root certificates are not included in the most widely deployed certificate stores and has to b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pretty Good Privacy
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) is an encryption software, encryption program that provides cryptographic privacy and authentication for data communication. PGP is used for digital signature, signing, encrypting, and decrypting texts, Email, e-mails, files, directories, and whole disk partitions and to increase the security of e-mail communications. Phil Zimmermann developed PGP in 1991. PGP and similar software follow the OpenPGP standard (RFC 4880), an open standard for encryption, encrypting and decrypting data. Modern versions of PGP are interoperability, interoperable with GnuPG and other OpenPGP-compliant systems. The OpenPGP standard has received criticism for its long-lived keys and the difficulty in learning it, as well as the EFAIL, Efail security vulnerability that previously arose when select e-mail programs used OpenPGP with S/MIME. The new OpenPGP standard (RFC 9580) has also been criticised by the maintainer of GnuPG Werner Koch, who in response created his own speci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Web Of Trust
In cryptography, a web of trust is a concept used in PGP, GnuPG, and other OpenPGP-compatible systems to establish the authenticity of the binding between a public key and its owner. Its decentralized trust model is an alternative to the centralized trust model of a public key infrastructure (PKI), which relies exclusively on a certificate authority (or a hierarchy of such). As with computer networks, there are many independent webs of trust, and any user (through their public key certificate) can be a part of, and a link between, multiple webs. The web of trust concept was first put forth by PGP creator Phil Zimmermann in 1992 in the manual for PGP version 2.0: Note the use of the word emergence in this context. The web of trust makes use of the concept of emergence. Operation of a web of trust All OpenPGP-compliant implementations include a certificate vetting scheme to assist with this; its operation has been termed a web of trust. OpenPGP certificates (which incl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
