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Thalers
A thaler or taler ( ; , previously spelled ) is one of the large silver coins minted in the states and territories of the Holy Roman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy during the Early Modern period. A ''thaler'' size silver coin has a diameter of about and a weight of about 25 to 30 grams (roughly 1 ounce). The word is shortened from , the original ''thaler'' coin minted in Joachimsthal, Bohemia, from 1520. While the first standard coin of the Holy Roman Empire was the of 1524, its longest-lived coin was the , which contained Cologne Mark of fine silver (or 25.984 g), and which was issued in various versions from 1566 to 1875. From the 17th century a lesser-valued ''North German thaler'' currency unit emerged, which by the 19th century became par with the . The ''thaler'' silver coin type continued to be minted until the 20th century in the form of the Mexican peso until 1914, the five Swiss franc coin until 1928, the US silver dollar until 1935, and the Austrian Mari ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Schützentaler
A shooting thaler ( ; ; ) is a silver coin in thaler size minted to commemorate a Schützenfest (French: ''Fête de tir'') or free shooting (German: ''Freischiessen'', French: ''Tir libre'') in Switzerland. In a narrow sense, Swiss ''Schützentaler'' are the silver coins equal in size and weight to the Swiss 5 francs coin minted on the occasion of one of the ''Eidgenössisches Schützenfest, Eidgenössische Schützenfeste'', or federal shooting festivals. Two such coins were issued by the cantonal mints of Graubünden (1842, denominated at 4 Swiss francs), and canton of Glarus, Glarus (1847, denominated at 40 ''Batzen'') prior to the establishment of the Swissmint, Federal Mint. Sometimes included as "shooting thaler" is a double thaler (10 francs) coin minted by canton of Geneva, Geneva and donated as cash prizes to the 1851 festival. The Federal Mint has issued fifteen such coins with the nominal value of five francs, between 1855 and 1885. These coins were not intended as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prussian Thaler
The Prussian Thaler (sometimes Prussian Reichsthaler) was the currency of Prussia until 1857. In 1750, Johann Philipp Graumann implemented the ''Graumannscher Fuß'' with 14 thalers issued to a Cologne Mark of fine silver, or 16.704 g per thaler. Gold coins were called as Friedrich d'or from 1750 to 1857 except for 1797 (Ducant in 1797), and silver coins were called as Thalers. The weight, and finesse of coins had changed as the kings changed. Until 1821, the thaler was subdivided in Brandenburg into 24 ''Groschen'', each of 12 '' Pfennige''. In Prussia proper, it was subdivided into 3 ''Polish Gulden = FL = Zloty '', each of 30 ''Groschen'' (each Groschen = 18 Pfennige) or 90 ''Schilling''. Prussia's currency was unified in 1821, with the Thaler subdivided into 30 ''Silbergroschen'', each of 12 ''Pfennige''. While the predominant North German thaler used in other North German states from 1750 to 1840 was issued 13 to a Mark and appeared in denominations of and 1 thalers, th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
North German Thaler
The North German thaler was a currency used by several states of Northern Germany from 1690 to 1873, first under the Holy Roman Empire, then by the German Confederation. Originally equal to the Reichsthaler specie or silver coin from 1566 until the ''Kipper und Wipper'' crisis of 1618, a ''thaler'' currency unit worth less than the ''Reichsthaler specie'' was first defined in 1667 and became widely used after adoption of the Leipzig currency standard of 1690. After the 1840s, the different North German states made their thalers equal in value to the ''Prussian thaler''; these thalers were then made par to the ''Vereinsthaler'' in 1857. The various North German ''thalers'' and ''vereinsthalers'' were all replaced in 1873 by the ''German gold mark'' at the rate of 3 marks per ''thaler''. Several old books confusingly use the same term Reichsthaler for the ''specie silver coin'' as well as the ''currency unit''. This is disambiguated by referring to the full-valued coin as the ''Rei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thaler
A thaler or taler ( ; , previously spelled ) is one of the large silver coins minted in the states and territories of the Holy Roman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy during the Early Modern period. A ''thaler'' size silver coin has a diameter of about and a weight of about 25 to 30 grams (roughly 1 ounce). The word is shortened from , the original ''thaler'' coin minted in Joachimsthal, Bohemia, from 1520. While the first standard coin of the Holy Roman Empire was the of 1524, its longest-lived coin was the , which contained Cologne Mark of fine silver (or 25.984 g), and which was issued in various versions from 1566 to 1875. From the 17th century a lesser-valued '' North German thaler'' currency unit emerged, which by the 19th century became par with the . The ''thaler'' silver coin type continued to be minted until the 20th century in the form of the Mexican peso until 1914, the five Swiss franc coin until 1928, the US silver dollar until 1935, and the Austrian Ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Numismatic
Numismatics is the study or collection of currency, including coins, tokens, paper money, medals, and related objects. Specialists, known as numismatists, are often characterized as students or collectors of coins, but the discipline also includes the broader study of money and other means of payment used to resolve debts and exchange goods. The earliest forms of money used by people are categorised by collectors as "odd and curious", but the use of other goods in barter exchange is excluded, even where used as a circulating currency (e.g., cigarettes or instant noodles in prison). As an example, the Kyrgyz people used horses as the principal currency unit, and gave small change in lambskins; the lambskins may be suitable for numismatic study, but the horses are not. Many objects have been used for centuries, such as cowry shells, precious metals, cocoa beans, large stones, and gems. Etymology First attested in English in 1829, the word ''numismatics'' comes from the ad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States Dollar
The United States dollar (Currency symbol, symbol: Dollar sign, $; ISO 4217, currency code: USD) is the official currency of the United States and International use of the U.S. dollar, several other countries. The Coinage Act of 1792 introduced the U.S. dollar at par with the Spanish dollar, Spanish silver dollar, divided it into 100 cent (currency), cents, and authorized the Mint (facility), minting of coins denominated in dollars and cents. U.S. banknotes are issued in the form of Federal Reserve Notes, popularly called greenbacks due to their predominantly green color. The U.S. dollar was originally defined under a bimetallism, bimetallic standard of (0.7734375 troy ounces) fine silver or, from Coinage Act of 1834, 1834, fine gold, or $20.67 per troy ounce. The Gold Standard Act of 1900 linked the dollar solely to gold. From 1934, its equivalence to gold was revised to $35 per troy ounce. In 1971 all links to gold were repealed. The U.S. dollar became an important intern ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crown (English Coin)
The crown, originally known as the " crown of the double rose", was an English coin introduced as part of King Henry VIII's monetary reform of 1526, with a value of of one pound, or five shillings, or 60 pence. History The first such coins were minted in 22 carat "crown gold", and the first silver crowns were produced in 1551 during the brief reign of King Edward VI. However, some crowns continued to be minted in gold until 1662. at 24carat.co.uk No crowns were minted in the reign of , but silver as well as gold crowns again appeared in the reign of her successor |
Conventionsthaler
The or ("Convention "), was a standard silver coin in the Austrian Empire and the southern German states of the Holy Roman Empire from the mid-18th to early 19th-centuries. Its most famous example is the Maria Theresa thaler which is still minted today. The was equivalent to a . History The Austrian Empire introduced the Convention currency standard in 1754 to replace the Leipzig standard of 1690, after a drop in the gold–silver price ratio from 15 to 14.5 in the 1730s unleashed a flood of cheaper defined in gold. The Leipzig standard defined the North German thaler currency unit at the specie of 25.984 g, or 19.488 g fine silver. In contrast, in 1741 the gold Friedrich d'or pistole of 6.05 g fine gold was issued for 5 . This resulted in a cheaper Thaler Gold worth 1.21 g fine gold or 1.21 × 14.5 = 17.545 g fine silver. The ( standard, 23.386 g silver) contained of a Cologne Mark and originally corresponded to exactly two ( standard, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Netherlands
, Terminology of the Low Countries, informally Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe, with Caribbean Netherlands, overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Netherlands consists of Provinces of the Netherlands, twelve provinces; it borders Germany to the east and Belgium to the south, with a North Sea coastline to the north and west. It shares Maritime boundary, maritime borders with the United Kingdom, Germany, and Belgium. The official language is Dutch language, Dutch, with West Frisian language, West Frisian as a secondary official language in the province of Friesland. Dutch, English_language, English, and Papiamento are official in the Caribbean Netherlands, Caribbean territories. The people who are from the Netherlands is often referred to as Dutch people, Dutch Ethnicity, Ethnicity group, not to be confused by the language. ''Netherlands'' literally means "lower countries" i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reichstaler
The ''Reichsthaler'' (; modern spelling Reichstaler), or more specifically the ''Reichsthaler specie'', was a standard thaler silver coin introduced by the Holy Roman Empire in 1566 for use in all German states, minted in various versions for the next 300 years, and containing 25–26 grams fine silver. ''North German thaler, Reichsthaler'' was also the name of a currency unit worth less than the ''Reichsthaler specie'' introduced by several North German states from the 17th century; discussed separately under ''North German thaler''. Several old books confusingly use the same term ''Reichsthaler'' for the Speciesthaler, specie silver coin as well as the currency unit. This is disambiguated by referring to the full-valued coin as the ''Speciesthaler, Reichsthaler specie'' and the lower-valued currency unit as the ''Reichsthaler currency (courant, kurant)''. History The ''Reichsthaler'' – literally, the ''dollar of the realm'' – was the most successful standard silver coin re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
German Orthographic Conference Of 1901
The German Orthographic Conference of 1901 (the Berlin II Orthographic Conference; or ) was a conference of orthography that took place in Berlin 17–19 June 1901. The results of the conference became official in the German Empire in 1902.Edited by Werner Besch, Anne Betten, Oskar Reichmann, Stefan Sonderegger: ''Sprachgeschichte: Ein Handbuch zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und ihrer Erforschung – 2., vollständig neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage – 3. Teilband'' (''Hanbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft'', Band 2.3), Walter de Gruyter, 2003, p. 2495 (chapter "Geschichte der Interpunktionssysteme im Deutschen"). The standardized German spelling that resulted from the conference was largely based on the Prussian school spelling, but also on the Orthographic Conference of 1876. The conference results removed numerous existing variant forms.Soon after the conference, its results were criticized by people who believed there should be further changes. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
