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Tequistlatecan Languages
The Tequistlatec languages, also called Chontal, are three close but distinct languages spoken or once spoken by the Oaxaca Chontal people, Chontal people of Oaxaca State, Mexico. Chontal was spoken by 6,000 or so people in 2020. Languages The Tequistlatecan languages are: *Huamelultec language, Huamelultec (Lowland Oaxaca Chontal) *Tequistlatec language, Tequistlatec (extinct) *Highland Oaxaca Chontal Name Although most authors use the form ''tequistlatec(an)'' today, this is based on an improper derivation in Nahuatl (the correct derivation from ''Tequisistlán'' would be ''Tequisistec(an)'', and both terms were used by Edward Sapir, Sapir interchangeably). Classification The Tequistlatecan languages are part of the proposed Hokan languages, Hokan family, but are often considered to be a distinct family. Campbell and Oltrogge (1980) proposed that the Tequistlatecan languages may be related to Jicaquean languages, Jicaquean (see Tolatecan languages, Tolatecan), but this hypo ...
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Oaxaca
Oaxaca, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca, is one of the 32 states that compose the political divisions of Mexico, Federative Entities of the Mexico, United Mexican States. It is divided into municipalities of Oaxaca, 570 municipalities, of which 418 (almost three quarters) are governed by the system of (customs and traditions) with recognized local forms of self-governance. Its capital city is Oaxaca City, Oaxaca de Juárez. Oaxaca is in southern Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Guerrero to the west, Puebla to the northwest, Veracruz to the north, and Chiapas to the east. To the south, Oaxaca has a significant coastline on the Pacific Ocean. The state is best known for #Indigenous peoples, its indigenous peoples and cultures. The most numerous and best known are the Zapotec peoples, Zapotecs and the Mixtecs, but 16 are officially recognized. These cultures have survived better than most others in Mexico due to the state's rugged and isolating terrain. M ...
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Tolatecan Languages
Tolatecan is a proposal by Campbell and Oltrogge (1980) linking two language families of Mesoamerica, Tequistlatecan (Chontal of Oaxaca) and Tol/Jicaque languages of Honduras. Later, Campbell (1997) said that Tolatecan is not likely to be a valid language family.Campbell, Lyle (1997). ''American Indian Languages, The Historical Linguistics of Native America''. Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Both Tequistlatecan and Tol have been at times also included in the larger Hokan proposal, but without any especial relationship within it. Vocabulary Below is a comparison of selected basic vocabulary items in Proto-Jicaque and the Tequistlatecan languages The Tequistlatec languages, also called Chontal, are three close but distinct languages spoken or once spoken by the Oaxaca Chontal people, Chontal people of Oaxaca State, Mexico. Chontal was spoken by 6,000 or so people in 2020. Languages The .... : References Proposed lang ...
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Indigenous Languages Of Central America
Central America is a subregion of North America. Its political boundaries are defined as bordering Mexico to the north, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the southwest. Central America is usually defined as consisting of seven countries: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. Within Central America is the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot, which extends from southern Mexico to southeastern Panama. Due to the presence of several active geologic faults and the Central America Volcanic Arc, there is a high amount of seismic activity in the region, such as volcanic eruptions and earthquakes, which has resulted in death, injury, and property damage. Most of Central America falls under the Isthmo-Colombian cultural area. Before the Spanish expedition of Christopher Columbus' voyages to the Americas, hundreds of indigenous peoples made their homes in the area. From the year 1502 onwards, Spain bega ...
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Indigenous Languages Of Mexico
The Constitution of Mexico does not declare an official language; however, Spanish is the '' de facto'' national language spoken by over 99% of the population making it the largest Spanish speaking country in the world. Due to the cultural influence of the United States, American English is widely understood, especially in border states and tourist regions, with a hybridization of Spanglish spoken. The government also recognizes 63 indigenous languages spoken in their communities out of respect, including Nahuatl, Mayan, Mixtec, etc. The Mexican government uses solely Spanish for official and legislative purposes, but it has yet to declare it the national language mostly out of respect to the indigenous communities that still exist. Most indigenous languages are endangered, with some languages expected to become extinct within years or decades, and others simply having populations that grow slower than the national average. According to the Commission for the Development of I ...
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Language Families
A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that family. The term ''family'' is a metaphor borrowed from biology, with the tree model used in historical linguistics analogous to a family tree, or to phylogenetic trees of taxa used in evolutionary taxonomy. Linguists thus describe the ''daughter languages'' within a language family as being ''genetically related''. The divergence of a proto-language into daughter languages typically occurs through geographical separation, with different regional dialects of the proto-language undergoing different language changes and thus becoming distinct languages over time. One well-known example of a language family is the Romance languages, including Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Catalan, and many others, all of which are descended from Vulgar Latin.Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.)''Ethnologue: Languages of th ...
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Tequistlatecan Languages
The Tequistlatec languages, also called Chontal, are three close but distinct languages spoken or once spoken by the Oaxaca Chontal people, Chontal people of Oaxaca State, Mexico. Chontal was spoken by 6,000 or so people in 2020. Languages The Tequistlatecan languages are: *Huamelultec language, Huamelultec (Lowland Oaxaca Chontal) *Tequistlatec language, Tequistlatec (extinct) *Highland Oaxaca Chontal Name Although most authors use the form ''tequistlatec(an)'' today, this is based on an improper derivation in Nahuatl (the correct derivation from ''Tequisistlán'' would be ''Tequisistec(an)'', and both terms were used by Edward Sapir, Sapir interchangeably). Classification The Tequistlatecan languages are part of the proposed Hokan languages, Hokan family, but are often considered to be a distinct family. Campbell and Oltrogge (1980) proposed that the Tequistlatecan languages may be related to Jicaquean languages, Jicaquean (see Tolatecan languages, Tolatecan), but this hypo ...
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Spanish Wikipedia
The Spanish Wikipedia () is the Spanish-language edition of Wikipedia, a free online encyclopedia. It has articles. Started in May 2001, it reached 100,000 articles on 8 March 2006, and 1,000,000 articles on 16 May 2013. It is the -largest Wikipedia as measured by the number of articles and has the 4th-most edits. It also ranks 32nd in terms of article depth among Wikipedias. Academic studies have indicated that the Spanish Wikipedia is less reliable than the English and German Wikipedias, as well as more prone to disinformation from Russian government outlets. It has also been accused of whitewashing left-wing authoritarian regimes such as that of Cuba's, and for allowing damaging disinformation about living people who are critical of the left. The Spanish edition is one of the worst Wikipedias in retention of new editors. It has one of the highest edit revert rates and the second lowest number of administrators per active editors (0.38%), behind the Japanese Wikipedia. H ...
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Jicaquean Languages
Jicaquean, also known as Tolan, is a small language family of Honduras Honduras, officially the Republic of Honduras, is a country in Central America. It is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, .... There are two attested Jicaquean languages, Tol (Eastern Jicaque) and Western Jicaque (Holt 1999), which Campbell (1997) reports were about as distant as English and Swedish. Only Tol survives. Classification Prior to an influential paper by Greenberg and Swadesh in 1953 Tol (a.k.a. Eastern Jicaque) was thought to be a language isolate, i.e., there existed no knowledge as to its possible genetic affinities. They argued that Tol should be added to the Hokan stock, a large language stock, phylum or family, which was proposed by R. B. Dixon and Alfred D. Kroeber in 1913. In 1977, David Oltrogge proposed to link Tol to the extinct Subtiaba language of Nicarag ...
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Hokan Languages
The Hokan language family is a hypothetical grouping of a dozen small language families spoken mainly in California, Arizona, and Baja California. Etymology The name ''Hokan'' is loosely based on the word for "two" in the various Hokan languages: ''*xwak'' in Proto-Yuman, (pronounced ) in Seri, in Achumawi, etc. Compare similar construction of the term "Penutian". History of the proposal The "Hokan hypothesis" was first proposed in 1913 by Roland B. Dixon and Alfred L. Kroeber, and further elaborated by Edward Sapir. Initial follow-up research found little additional evidence that these language families were related to each other. But since about 1950, increased efforts to document Hokan languages and to establish sound correspondences in proposed lexical resemblance sets have added weight to the Hokan hypothesis, leading to its acceptance by many specialists in the languages of California, Oregon, and Mesoamerica. However, some skepticism remains among scholars. Lingui ...
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Edward Sapir
Edward Sapir (; January 26, 1884 – February 4, 1939) was an American anthropologist-linguistics, linguist, who is widely considered to be one of the most important figures in the development of the discipline of linguistics in the United States. Sapir was born in German Empire, German Pomerania, in what is now northern Poland. His family emigrated to the United States of America when he was a child. He studied Germanic linguistics at Columbia University, Columbia, where he came under the influence of Franz Boas, who inspired him to work on Indigenous languages of the Americas, Native American languages. While finishing his Ph.D. he went to University of California, Berkeley, California to work with Alfred Kroeber documenting the indigenous languages there. He was employed by the Geological Survey of Canada for fifteen years, where he came into his own as one of the most significant linguists in North America, the other being Leonard Bloomfield. He was offered a professorship at ...
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