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Tem Braille
Several braille alphabets are used in Ghana. For English, Unified English Braille has been adopted. Four other languages have been written in braille: Akan (Twi), Ga, Ewe, and Dagaare. All three alphabets are based on the basic braille letter values of basic Latin alphabet: : The braille equivalents of print letters beyond these are described below. English Braille punctuation is used in both Ghana and (according to UNESCO 2013) Togo. Braille is not in active use in Ghana for any language but English. However, there are some older publications in these braille alphabets. Akan (Twi) Braille Akan has one extra vowel letters. ''ɔ'' could be expected from international/African norms; ''ɛ'' is specific to Ghana. Ga and Dagaare Braille Ga and Dagaare add a third extra letter, ''ŋ''. Ewe Braille Ewe adds several additional consonants: ''ɖ'', ''ƒ'', ''ɣ'', ''ʋ''. The ''ɖ'' and ''ɣ'' are the international/African norm (see also Nigerian br ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Braille
Braille ( , ) is a Tactile alphabet, tactile writing system used by blindness, blind or visually impaired people. It can be read either on embossed paper or by using refreshable braille displays that connect to computers and smartphone devices. Braille can be written using a slate and stylus, a braille writer, an electronic braille notetaker or with the use of a computer connected to a braille embosser. For blind readers, braille is an independent writing system, rather than a code of printed orthography. Braille is named after its creator, Louis Braille, a Frenchman who lost his sight as a result of a childhood accident. In 1824, at the age of fifteen, he developed the braille code based on the French alphabet as an improvement on night writing. He published his system, which subsequently included musical notation, in 1829. The second revision, published in 1837, was the first Binary numeral system, binary form of writing developed in the modern era. Braille characters are f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nigerian Braille
Several braille alphabets are used in Nigeria. For English, Unified English Braille Unified English Braille Code (UEBC, formerly UBC, now usually simply UEB) is an English language Braille code standard, developed to encompass the wide variety of literary and technical material in use in the English-speaking world today, in unifor ... has been adopted. Three other languages have been written in braille: Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba. All three alphabets are based on English readings, with the addition of letter's particular to these languages. Punctuation is as in English Braille. : The letters of these languages beyond the basic Latin alphabet are as follows: Hausa Braille Hausa includes from English ''q, sh, st, ed'' (international second ''d''), and three derived letters: Hausa is presumably written in braille in Niger as well, since ''Ethnologue'' 17 reports that Zarma is written in braille in that country. However, this need not mean it uses the same alphabet as N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nasal Vowel
A nasal vowel is a vowel that is produced with a lowering of the soft palate (or velum) so that the air flow escapes through the nose and the mouth simultaneously, as in the French vowel /ɑ̃/ () or Amoy []. By contrast, oral vowels are produced without nasalization. Nasalized vowels are vowels under the influence of neighbouring sounds. For instance, the [] of the word ''hand'' is affected by the following nasal consonant. In most languages, vowels adjacent to nasal consonants are produced partially or fully with a lowered velum in a natural process of assimilation and are therefore technically nasal, but few speakers would notice. That is the case in English: vowels preceding nasal consonants are nasalized, but there is no phonemic distinction between nasal and oral vowels, and all vowels are considered phonemically oral. Some languages contrast oral vowels and nasalized vowels phonemically. Linguists make use of minimal pairs to decide whether or not the nasality ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tem Language
Tem, or Kotokoli (Cotocoli), is a Gur language spoken in Togo, Ghana, Benin and Burkina Faso. It is used by neighboring peoples. In Ghana the Kotokoli people come from the northern part of the Volta Region, primarily Koue along the border with Togo. Besides their traditional home in Koue, the Tem/Kotokoli people are scattered all over Ghanaian communities. They mainly live in Zongo settlements in Nima-Mamobi, Madina, Dodowa, Asaman, Jamasi, Aboaso, Mamponteng, Ahwiaa, Offinso Asamankama, Kokoti, Fanteakwa, Kinyako, Fianko, Ahmasu, Kejebi, Hohoe, Nkwanta, Kpassa, Karachi, Dambai and a host of others. The Chieftain is called the Wuro and is the overlord of the Koue lands, the Kotokoli people, at home and in diaspora. He name is Wuro Dauda Cheddere Brenae I. Some notable Kotokoli tribesmen include the National Youth Chief of Kotokoli, Wuro Alhaj Ismael Bameiyin, Wuro Alhaj Salifu Haruna of Madina, Sheikh Salis Shaban, Sheikh Muhammad Qassim Kpakpaturu of Jamasi, Mallam Abdul Muhaim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moba Language
Moba or Moba–Bimoba is a major language of the Moba people of Togo and Ghana. However, in Ghana only 60% of ethnic Bimoba speak the language. There are also about 2,000 Moba speakers in Burkina Faso. It has two dialects (Moba In Togo and Burkina Faso and Bimoba in Ghana). The language cluster is also known as Moba–Bimoba. Classification Moba is spoken by the Moba people, a subgroup of the Gurma people. Moba is part of the Gurma subgroup of the Gur languages. It is related to the Konkomba language of the Konkomba people Konkomba may refer to: * Konkomba people, an ethnic group of Ghana, Togo and Burkina Faso * Konkomba language spoken by this people {{Disambiguation .... Writing system See also * Bimoba people References Works cited * External links Moba dictionary : https://www.webonary.org/moba Languages of Togo Gurma languages Languages of Ghana {{gur-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Igbo Braille
Several braille alphabets are used in Nigeria. For English, Unified English Braille has been adopted. Three other languages have been written in braille: Hausa Hausa may refer to: * Hausa people, an ethnic group of West Africa * Hausa language, spoken in West Africa * Hausa Kingdoms, a historical collection of Hausa city-states * Hausa (horse) or Dongola horse, an African breed of riding horse See also ..., Igbo, and Yoruba. All three alphabets are based on English readings, with the addition of letter's particular to these languages. Punctuation is as in English Braille. : The letters of these languages beyond the basic Latin alphabet are as follows: Hausa Braille Hausa includes from English ''q, sh, st, ed'' (international second ''d''), and three derived letters: Hausa is presumably written in braille in Niger as well, since ''Ethnologue'' 17 reports that Zarma is written in braille in that country. However, this need not mean it uses the same alphabet as Ni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kabiye Language
Kabiye (; also rendered ''Kabiyé'', ''Kabiyè'', ''Kabye'', ''Kabyé'', ''Kabyè'', ''Cabrai'' or ''Cabrais'') is an Eastern Gurunsi Gur language spoken primarily in northern Togo. Throughout the 20th century, there was extensive migration to the centre and south of Togo and also to Ghana and Benin. Kabiye speakers made up over 23% of the Togolese population in 1999. Status Kabiye is one of two national languages of Togo (along with Ewe). In the Togolese context, ''national language'' currently means that the language is promoted in national media and, in the formal education sector, as an optional exam subject in grades 9 and 10. Linguistic research The missionary-linguist Jacques Delord published the first descriptive grammar of Kabiye in 1976. This was followed by Kezié Lébikaza's descriptive grammar in 1999, which remains the key reference work in Kabiye linguistics. There is also a Kabiye-French dictionary. Other topics that have been the focus of research include: ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Konkomba Language
Konkomba is a Gurma language spoken in Ghana, Togo Geography Konkomba is spoken in Ghana ( Northern Region, Volta Region, Brong Ahafo Region, Eastern Region and Accra), and Togo ( Savanes Region, Kara Region and Plateaux Region). Dialects and literature The Konkomba language, known natively as Likpakpaanl, is spoken by the Konkomba people, who are also known as the Bikpakpaam. The Konkomba language has several dialects, including, but not limited to, Lichaboil, Ligbeln, Likoonli, Limonkpeln and Linafeel. The dialects of Konkomba emerged because different families and groups settled together and adopted unique pronunciation and vocabulary patterns, forming what could be called uniform dialect groupings. For example, "map geek" in (in the Lichabol dialect), "may LAK Iya" (in the Limonkpeln dialect), and "many men" (in the Likoon dialect) all mean "I don't like that". This type of variation can be heard in Likpakpaanl, depending on the geographic area or what clan is dom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bassar Language
Ntcham, or Basari, is a language of the Gurma people in Togo and Ghana Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It is situated along the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, and shares borders with Côte d’Ivoire to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, and Togo to t .... Akaselem (Tchamba) is frequently listed as a separate language. Phonology The phonology used by Chanard and Hartell is given below. Abbott and Cox (1966) had a similar phonology, though the non labial-velar voiceless plosives were analyzed as aspirated, and vowel length was not distinguished. Badie (1995) analyzes and as and and also includes phonemic , vowel lengths, and nasalized vowels., citing Consonants Vowels Tones Ntcham also has high, low, and mid tones. Writing System Long vowels are indicated by doubling the letter ‹aa, ii, ɔɔ, uu› and two vowels are always long ‹ee, oo›. The tones are represented by acute accents fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Togo
Togo, officially the Togolese Republic, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Ghana to Ghana–Togo border, the west, Benin to Benin–Togo border, the east and Burkina Faso to Burkina Faso–Togo border, the north. It is one of the least developed countries and extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, where its capital city, capital, Lomé, is located. It is a small, tropical country, spanning with a population of approximately 8 million, and it has a width of less than between Ghana and its eastern neighbour Benin. Various peoples settled the boundaries of present-day Togo between the 11th and 16th centuries. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, the coastal region served primarily as a Atlantic slave trade, European slave trading outpost, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name "The Slave Coast of West Africa, Slave Coast". In 1884, during the scramble for Africa, German Empire, Germany established a protectorate in the region called Togoland. After World War I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Braille
The goal of braille uniformity is to unify the braille alphabets of the world as much as possible, so that literacy in one braille alphabet readily transfers to another. Unification was first achieved by a convention of the ''International Congress on Work for the Blind'' in 1878, where it was decided to replace the mutually incompatible national conventions of the time with the French values of the basic Latin alphabet, both for languages that use Latin-based alphabets and, through their Latin equivalents, for languages that use other scripts. However, the unification did not address letters beyond these 26, leaving French and German Braille partially incompatible and as braille spread to new languages with new needs, national conventions again became disparate. A second round of unification was undertaken under the auspices of UNESCO in 1951, setting the foundation for international braille usage today. Numerical order Braille arranged his characters in decades (groups of ten) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Unified English Braille
Unified English Braille Code (UEBC, formerly UBC, now usually simply UEB) is an English language Braille code standard, developed to encompass the wide variety of literary and technical material in use in the English-speaking world today, in uniform fashion. Background Standard 6-dot braille only provides 63 distinct characters (not including the space character), and thus, over the years a number of distinct rule-sets have been developed to represent literary text, mathematics, scientific material, computer software, the @ symbol used in email addresses, and other varieties of written material. Different countries also used differing encodings at various times: during the 1800s American Braille competed with English Braille and New York Point in the ''War of the Dots''. As a result of the expanding need to represent technical symbolism, and divergence during the past 100 years across countries, braille users who desired to read or write a large range of material have needed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
