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Tamil Inscriptions In Malay World
A number of medieval inscriptions written in Tamil language and script that have been found in Southeast Asia and China, mainly in Sumatra and peninsular Thailand. These texts arose directly from trade links between south India and certain parts of Southeast Asia and China, which involved the residence in those regions of Tamil-speaking Indians. Several of these overseas Tamil inscriptions mention well-known medieval Indian merchant associations. A good number of Tamil inscriptions, as well as Hindu and Buddhist icons emanating from South India, have been found in Southeast Asia (and even in Quanzhou in China). On the Malay Peninsula, inscriptions have been found at Takuapa, not far from the Vishnuite statues of Khao Phra Narai in Southern Thailand. It is a short inscription indicating that an artificial lake named ''Avani-naranam'' was dug by ''Nangur-Udaiyan'', which is the name of an individual who possessed a military fief at Nangur, being famous for his abilities as a warrio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of Southeast Asian Studies
The ''Journal of Southeast Asian Studies'' is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering scholarly studies on Southeast Asia (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, East Timor, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam). It publishes articles from a wide range of disciplines in the humanities and social sciences. The journal's extensive book review section includes works in Southeast Asian languages. History The ''Journal of Southeast Asian History'' was founded by K. G. Tregonning in 1960 and was renamed ''Journal of Southeast Asian Studies'' in 1969. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in the International Bibliography of Periodical Literature, International Bibliography of Book Reviews of Scholarly Literature, FRANCIS, Arts and Humanities Citation Index and the Social Sciences Citation Index The Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) is a commercial citation index product of Clarivate Analytics. It was originally develop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Banda Aceh
Banda Aceh (; , Jawi script, Jawi: ) is the capital and largest city in the province of Aceh, Indonesia. It is located on the island of Sumatra and has an elevation of 35 metres. The city covers an area of and had a population of 223,446 people at the 2010 Census,Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. rising to 252,899 at the 2020 Census.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. The official estimate as at mid 2023 was 259,538.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 26 September 2024, ''Kota Banda Aceh Dalam Angka 2024'' (sum of returns from District Katalogs as referenced below) Banda Aceh is located on the northwestern tip of Indonesia at the mouth of the Aceh River. Banda Aceh itself is a semi-enclave within Aceh Besar Regency, as Banda Aceh is surrounded by Aceh Besar to the south, east, and west, while it borders with the Strait of Malacca to the north. Many suburbs of the city have developed in adjacent districts of Acah Besar Regency beyond the city limits, notably to the south in Dar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tanjore
Thanjavur (), also known as Thanjai, previously known as Tanjore,#Pletcher, Pletcher 2010, p. 195 is a city in the India, Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the 12th biggest city in Tamil Nadu. Thanjavur is an important center of South Indian culture, southern Indian religion, art, and architecture. Most of the Great Living Chola Temples, which are World Heritage Sites, UNESCO World Heritage Monuments, are located in and around Thanjavur. The foremost among these, the Brihadisvara Temple, built by the Chola emperor Rajaraja I, is located in the centre of the city. This temple has one of the largest bull statues (called Nandi) in India carved out of a single granite rock. Thanjavur is also home to Thanjavur painting, Tanjore painting, a painting style unique to the region. Thanjavur is the headquarters of the Thanjavur district, Thanjavur District. The city is an important agricultural centre located in the Cauvery Delta, Kaveri Delta and is known as the ''Rice bowl of Tamil Nadu' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malacca Straits
The Strait of Malacca is a narrow stretch of water, long and from wide, between the Malay Peninsula to the northeast and the Indonesian island of Sumatra to the southwest, connecting the Andaman Sea (Indian Ocean) and the South China Sea (Pacific Ocean). As the main shipping channel between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is one of the most important shipping lanes in the world. Etymology The name "Malacca" is traditionally associated with the Malacca tree (''Phyllanthus emblica''), also known as the Indian gooseberry tree, and is believed to derive from the local Malay word "Melaka". According to historical traditions, Parameswara, a Sumatran prince and the founder of the Malacca Sultanate, selected the site for his new kingdom where the city of Malacca now stands. It is said that he named the location "Melaka" after the Malacca tree under which he had rested. Over time, the name "Malacca" came to refer not only to the city but also to the strategically significant wate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benzoin (resin)
Benzoin or benjamin (corrupted pronunciation) is a balsamic resin obtained from the bark of several species of trees in the genus '' Styrax''. It is used in perfumes and some kinds of incense and as a flavoring and medicine (see tincture of benzoin). It is distinct from the chemical compound benzoin, which is ultimately derived chemically from benzoin resin; the primary active ingredient of benzoin resin is actually benzoic acid, not benzoin. Benzoin is sometimes called gum benzoin or gum benjamin, and in India ''Sambrani or'' loban, though loban is, via Arabic ''lubān'', a generic term for frankincense-type incense, e.g., fragrant tree resin. The syllable "benz" ultimately derives from the Arabic lubān jāwī (لبان جاوي, "frankincense from Java"). (mid 16th century: from French ''benjoin'', based on Arabic ''lubānjāwī'' ‘incense of Java’.) Benzoin is also called storax, not to be confused with the balsam of the same name obtained from the Hamamelidaceae fa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Camphor
Camphor () is a waxy, colorless solid with a strong aroma. It is classified as a terpenoid and a cyclic ketone. It is found in the wood of the camphor laurel (''Cinnamomum camphora''), a large evergreen tree found in East Asia; and in the kapur tree (Dryobalanops, ''Dryobalanops'' sp.), a tall timber tree from South East Asia. It also occurs in some other related trees in the Lauraceae, laurel family, notably ''Ocotea usambarensis''. Rosemary leaves (''Rosmarinus officinalis'') contain 0.05 to 0.5% camphor, while camphorweed (''Heterotheca'') contains some 5%. A major source of camphor in Asia is Ocimum kilimandscharicum, camphor basil (the parent of African blue basil). Camphor can also be synthetically produced from oil of turpentine. The compound is Chirality (chemistry), chiral, existing in two possible enantiomers as shown in the structural diagrams. The structure on the left is the naturally occurring (+)-camphor ((1''R'',4''R'')-bornan-2-one), while its mirror image show ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chola
The Chola Empire, which is often referred to as the Imperial Cholas, was a medieval thalassocratic empire based in southern India that was ruled by the Chola dynasty, and comprised overseas dominions, protectorates and spheres of influence in southeast Asia. The power and the prestige the Cholas had among political powers in South, Southeast, and East Asia at its peak is evident in their expeditions to the Ganges, naval raids on cities of the Srivijaya Empire on the island of Sumatra, and their repeated embassies to China. K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India'', p. 158 The Chola fleet represented the peak of ancient Indian maritime capacity. Around 1070, the Cholas began to lose almost all of their overseas territories but the later Cholas (1070–1279) continued to rule portions of southern India. The Chola empire went into decline at the beginning of the 13th century with the rise of the Pandyan dynasty, which ultimately caused the Chola's downfall. K. A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guild
A guild ( ) is an association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular territory. The earliest types of guild formed as organizations of tradespeople belonging to a professional association. They sometimes depended on grants of letters patent from a monarch or other ruler to enforce the flow of trade to their self-employed members, and to retain ownership of tools and the supply of materials, but most were regulated by the local government. Guild members found guilty of cheating the public would be fined or banned from the guild. A lasting legacy of traditional guilds are the guildhalls constructed and used as guild meeting-places. Typically the key "privilege" was that only guild members were allowed to sell their goods or practice their skill within the city. There might be controls on minimum or maximum prices, hours of trading, numbers of apprentices, and many other things. Critics argued that these rules reduced Free market, fre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
North Sumatra
North Sumatra () is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia located in the northern part of the island of Sumatra. Its capital and largest city is Medan on the east coast of the island. It borders Aceh to the northwest, Riau to the southeast, West Sumatra to the south, the Indian Ocean to the west, and the Strait of Malacca (with a maritime border with Malaysia) to the east. With a 2020 population around 14.8 million and a mid-2024 estimate around 15.6 million, North Sumatra is Indonesia's fourth most populous province and the most populous province outside of Java, Java Island. At , North Sumatra is the third-largest province in area on the island of Sumatra behind South Sumatra and Riau. Major ethnic groups include the Malay Indonesian, Malay, native to the east coast; several Batak groups, indigenous to the west coast and central highlands; the Nias people of Nias, Nias Island and its surrounding islets; and Chinese Indonesian, Chinese, Javanese people, Javanese, an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lobu Tua Inscription
Lobu Tua Inscription, also called Barus Inscription, is an inscription written in Tamil language which was discovered in 1873 in the village of Lobu Tua, Andam Dewi district of Central Tapanuli Regency, in North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. This inscription is dated 1010 Saka, or 1088 AD. This inscription was reported in the ''Madras Epigraphy Report'' of 1891-1892 by E. Hultzsch, an English epigraphist in India. The inscription mentions the existence of a Tamil trade union in the Barus region. The trade union was named "The Five Hundreds of a Thousand Directions" (''Disai-Ayirattu-Ainnurruvar''). According to Prof. Y. Subbarayalu from Tamil University, Thanjavur, this trade union's other name was '' Ayyavole'', which also left a Tamil-language inscription in Aceh. In Barus, they bought various commodities from the local population, and the members were collected excise in the form of gold, which was based on the price of the ''kasturi''. The objects of the excise were the ship, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vatteluttu
''Vatteluttu'' (, ' and , ', ), also transliterated as ''Vattezhuthu'', was an alphasyllabic or syllabic writing system of south India (Tamil Nadu and Kerala) and Sri Lanka formerly employed for writing the Tamil language, Tamil and Malayalam, Malayalam languages. The script is a sister system of the Pallava script, Pallava-Chola alphabet. The script was patronized by the Pallava dynasty, Pallava, Pandya dynasty, Pandya and Chera rulers of southern India. belonged to the "southern group" of Brahmi script, Brahmi derivatives (Brahmi script, Southern Brahmi, generally associated with Dravidian languages of south India). The script was used in inscriptions and manuscripts of south India for centuries. It is closely related to the Tamil script (although it is more cursive than the Tamil script, with letters with a single curvilinear stroke). The direction of writing in is from left to right. It notably omits the virama vowel muting device. Etymology Three possible suggestions ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
South Indian
South India, also known as Southern India or Peninsular India, is the southern part of the Deccan Peninsula in India encompassing the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Telangana as well as the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry, occupying 19.31% of India's area () and 20% of India's population. It is bound by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west and the Indian Ocean in the south. The geography of the region is diverse, with two mountain ranges, the Western and Eastern Ghats, bordering the plateau heartland. The Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Penna, Tungabhadra and Vaigai rivers are important non-perennial sources of water. Chennai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Coimbatore and Kochi are the largest urban areas in the region. The majority of the people in South India speak at least one of the four major Dravidian languages: Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam. During its history, a number of dynastic kingdoms ruled over p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
