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TENEX (operating System)
TENEX is an operating system developed in 1969 by BBN Technologies, BBN for the PDP-10, which later formed the basis for Digital Equipment Corporation's TOPS-20 operating system. Background In the 1960s, BBN Technologies, BBN was involved in a number of LISP-based artificial intelligence projects for DARPA, many of which had very large (for the era) memory requirements. One solution to this problem was to add ''paging'' software to the LISP language, allowing it to write out unused portions of memory to disk for later recall if needed. One such system had been developed for the PDP-1 at MIT by Daniel Murphy (computer scientist), Daniel Murphy before he joined BBN. Early Digital Equipment Corporation, DEC machines were based on an 18-bit computing, 18-bit word, allowing addresses to encode for a 256 kiloword memory. The machines were based on expensive magnetic-core memory, core memory and included nowhere near the required amount. The pager used the most significant bits of the ad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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BBN Technologies
Raytheon BBN (originally Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc.) is an American research and development company based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 1966, the Franklin Institute awarded the firm the Frank P. Brown Medal, in 1999 BBN received the IEEE Corporate Innovation Recognition, and on 1 February 2013, BBN was awarded the National Medal of Technology and Innovation, the highest honors that the U.S. government bestows upon scientists, engineers and inventors, by President Barack Obama. It became a wholly owned subsidiary of Raytheon in 2009. History BBN has its roots in an initial partnership formed on 15 October 1948 between Leo Beranek and Richard Bolt, professors at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Bolt had won a commission to be an acoustic consultant for the new United Nations permanent headquarters to be built in New York City. Realizing the magnitude of the project at hand, Bolt had pulled in his MIT colleague Beranek for help and the partnership betwee ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Kiloword
In computing, a word is any processor design's natural unit of data. A word is a fixed-sized datum handled as a unit by the instruction set or the hardware of the processor. The number of bits or digits in a word (the ''word size'', ''word width'', or ''word length'') is an important characteristic of any specific processor design or computer architecture. The size of a word is reflected in many aspects of a computer's structure and operation; the majority of the registers in a processor are usually word-sized and the largest datum that can be transferred to and from the working memory in a single operation is a word in many (not all) architectures. The largest possible address size, used to designate a location in memory, is typically a hardware word (here, "hardware word" means the full-sized natural word of the processor, as opposed to any other definition used). Documentation for older computers with fixed word size commonly states memory sizes in words rather than bytes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Porting
In software engineering, porting is the process of adapting software for the purpose of achieving some form of execution in a computing environment that is different from the one that a given program (meant for such execution) was originally designed for (e.g., different CPU, operating system, or third party library). The term is also used when software/hardware is changed to make them usable in different environments. Software is ''portable'' when the cost of porting it to a new platform is significantly less than the cost of writing it from scratch. The lower the cost of porting software relative to its implementation cost, the more portable it is said to be. This is distinct from cross-platform software, which is designed from the ground up without any single " native" platform. Etymology The term "port" is derived from the Latin '' portāre'', meaning "to carry". When code is not compatible with a particular operating system or architecture, the code must be "carried" to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Tcsh
tcsh ( “tee-see-shell”, “tee-shell”, or as “tee see ess aitch”, tcsh) is a Unix shell based on and backward compatible with the C shell (csh). Shell It is essentially the C shell with programmable command-line completion, command-line editing, and a few other features. Unlike the other common shells, functions cannot be defined in a tcsh script and the user must use aliases instead (as in csh). It is the native root shell for some BSD-based systems, including FreeBSD 13 and earlier. (FreeBSD 14 changed the default root shell to sh to match the default user shell whereas OpenBSD uses the Korn shell ksh for both root and regular users.) tcsh added filename and command completion and command line editing concepts borrowed from the TENEX operating system, which is the source of the “t”. Because it only added functionality and did not change what was there, tcsh remained backward compatible with the original C shell. Though it started as a side branch from the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Command-line Completion
Command-line completion (also tab completion) is a common feature of command-line interpreters, in which the program automatically fills in partially typed commands. Command line interpreters are programs that allow a user to interact with the underlying operating system by typing commands at a command prompt using a command line interface (CLI), in contrast to pointing and clicking a mouse in a graphical user interface (GUI). Command-line completion allows the user to type the first few characters of a command, program, or filename, and press a completion key (normally ) to fill in the rest of the item. The user then presses or to run the command or open the file. Command-line completion is useful in several ways, as illustrated by the animation accompanying this article. Commonly accessed commands, especially ones with long names, require fewer keystrokes to reach. Commands with long or difficult to spell filenames can be entered by typing the first few characters and pressi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Command Line Interpreter
A command-line interface (CLI) is a means of interacting with software via commands each formatted as a line of text. Command-line interfaces emerged in the mid-1960s, on computer terminals, as an interactive and more user-friendly alternative to the non-interactive mode available with punched cards. For a long time, a CLI was the most common interface for software, but today a graphical user interface (GUI) is more common. Nonetheless, many programs such as operating system and software development utilities still provide CLI. A CLI enables automating programs since commands can be stored in a scripting language, script computer file, file that can be used repeatedly. A script allows its contained commands to be executed as group; as a program; as a command. A CLI is made possible by command-line interpreters or command-line processors, which are programs that execute input commands. Alternatives to a CLI include a GUI (including the desktop metaphor such as Windows), te ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Virtual Memory
In computing, virtual memory, or virtual storage, is a memory management technique that provides an "idealized abstraction of the storage resources that are actually available on a given machine" which "creates the illusion to users of a very large (main) memory". The computer's operating system, using a combination of hardware and software, maps memory addresses used by a program, called '' virtual addresses'', into ''physical addresses'' in computer memory. Main storage, as seen by a process or task, appears as a contiguous address space or collection of contiguous segments. The operating system manages virtual address spaces and the assignment of real memory to virtual memory. Address translation hardware in the CPU, often referred to as a memory management unit (MMU), automatically translates virtual addresses to physical addresses. Software within the operating system may extend these capabilities, utilizing, e.g., disk storage, to provide a virtual address space ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Daniel G
Daniel commonly refers to: * Daniel (given name), a masculine given name and a surname * List of people named Daniel * List of people with surname Daniel * Daniel (biblical figure) * Book of Daniel, a biblical apocalypse, "an account of the activities and visions of Daniel" Daniel may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Literature * ''Daniel'' (Old English poem), an adaptation of the Book of Daniel * ''Daniel'', a 2006 novel by Richard Adams * ''Daniel'' (Mankell novel), 2007 Music * "Daniel" (Bat for Lashes song) (2009) * "Daniel" (Elton John song) (1973) * "Daniel", a song from '' Beautiful Creature'' by Juliana Hatfield * ''Daniel'' (album), a 2024 album by Real Estate Other arts and entertainment * ''Daniel'' (1983 film), by Sidney Lumet * ''Daniel'' (2019 film), a Danish film * Daniel (comics), a character in the ''Endless'' series Businesses * Daniel (department store), in the United Kingdom * H & R Daniel, a producer of English porcelain between 1827 and 184 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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BBN Pager, Required To Run Tenex
BBN might refer to: * Bayesian belief network, a probabilistic graphical model that represents a set of random variables and their conditional independencies via a directed acyclic graph * Bible Broadcasting Network, a global Christian radio network headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina * Big Bang nucleosynthesis * Big Blue Nation, the fan base of the University of Kentucky athletics programs * Big Brother Naija, a Nigerian reality show * Biuro Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego, a Polish government agency * Brevard Business News * Buckingham Browne & Nichols School (BB&N), a private school in Cambridge, Massachusetts * 9-Borabicyclo(3.3.1)nonane (9-BBN), a reagent used in organic chemistry * The 3-letter code for Blackburn railway station in the UK * Blackburn railway station, Melbourne * Bengbu South railway station, China Railway pinyin code BBN * Raytheon BBN Technologies, formerly Bolt, Beranek and Newman, a technology company in Cambridge, Massachusetts * BBN Music, Am ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Processor Register
A processor register is a quickly accessible location available to a computer's processor. Registers usually consist of a small amount of fast storage, although some registers have specific hardware functions, and may be read-only or write-only. In computer architecture, registers are typically addressed by mechanisms other than main memory, but may in some cases be assigned a memory address e.g. DEC PDP-10, ICT 1900. Almost all computers, whether load/store architecture or not, load items of data from a larger memory into registers where they are used for arithmetic operations, bitwise operations, and other operations, and are manipulated or tested by machine instructions. Manipulated items are then often stored back to main memory, either by the same instruction or by a subsequent one. Modern processors use either static or dynamic random-access memory (RAM) as main memory, with the latter usually accessed via one or more cache levels. Processor registers are normal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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36-bit Computing
36-bit computers were popular in the early mainframe computer era from the 1950s through the early 1970s. Starting in the 1960s, but especially the 1970s, the introduction of 7-bit ASCII and 8-bit EBCDIC led to the move to machines using 8-bit computing, 8-bit bytes, with word sizes that were multiples of 8, notably the 32-bit computing, 32-bit IBM System/360 mainframe computer, mainframe and VAX, Digital Equipment VAX and Data General Eclipse MV/8000, Data General MV series superminicomputers. By the mid-1970s the conversion was largely complete, and microprocessors quickly moved from 8-bit to 16-bit to 32-bit over a period of a decade. The number of 36-bit machines rapidly fell during this period, offered largely for backward compatibility purposes running legacy system, legacy programs. History Prior to the introduction of computers, the state of the art in precision scientific and engineering calculation was the ten-digit, electrically powered, mechanical calculator, such a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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CAR And CDR
In computer programming, CAR (car) and CDR (cdr) ( or ) are primitive operations on cons cells (or "non-atomic S-expressions") introduced in the Lisp programming language. A cons cell is composed of two pointers; the ''car'' operation extracts the first pointer, and the ''cdr'' operation extracts the second. Thus, the expression (car (cons ''x'' ''y'')) evaluates to ''x'', and (cdr (cons ''x'' ''y'')) evaluates to ''y''. When cons cells are used to implement singly linked lists (rather than trees and other more complicated structures), the ''car'' operation returns the ''first'' element of the list, while ''cdr'' returns the ''rest'' of the list. For this reason, the operations are sometimes given the names ''first'' and ''rest'' or ''head'' and ''tail''. Etymology Lisp was originally implemented on the IBM 704 computer, in the late 1950s. The popular explanation that ''CAR'' and ''CDR'' stand for "Contents of the Address Register" and "Contents of the Decrement Register" ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |