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System Generation
In computing system generation or sysgen is the process of creating a particular unique instance of an operating system by combining user-specified options and parameters with manufacturer-supplied general-purpose program code to produce an operating system tailored for a particular hardware and software environment. The term is primarily used when referencing older mainframe and minicomputer operating systems. Some other programs have similar processes, although not usually called "sysgen." For example, IBM's Customer Information Control System (CICS) was installed through a process called ''CICSGEN''. Rationale A large general-purpose program such as an operating system has to provide support for all variations of Central processing unit (CPU) that it might be run on, for all supported Main memory#Primary_storage, main memory sizes, and for all possible configurations of input/output (I/O) equipment. No one installation requires all this support, so system generation provides ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computing
Computing is any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computer, computing machinery. It includes the study and experimentation of algorithmic processes, and the development of both computer hardware, hardware and software. Computing has scientific, engineering, mathematical, technological, and social aspects. Major computing disciplines include computer engineering, computer science, cybersecurity, data science, information systems, information technology, and software engineering. The term ''computing'' is also synonymous with counting and calculation, calculating. In earlier times, it was used in reference to the action performed by Mechanical computer, mechanical computing machines, and before that, to Computer (occupation), human computers. History The history of computing is longer than the history of computing hardware and includes the history of methods intended for pen and paper (or for chalk and slate) with or without the aid of tables. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NEWP
The Burroughs Large Systems Group produced a family of large 48-bit mainframes using stack machine instruction sets with dense syllables.E.g., 12-bit syllables for B5000, 8-bit syllables for B6500 The first machine in the family was the B5000 in 1961, which was optimized for compiling ALGOL 60 programs extremely well, using single-pass compilers. The B5000 evolved into the B5500 (disk rather than drum) and the B5700 (up to four systems running as a cluster). Subsequent major redesigns include the B6500/B6700 line and its successors, as well as the separate B8500 line. In the 1970s, the Burroughs Corporation was organized into three divisions with very different product line architectures for high-end, mid-range, and entry-level business computer systems. Each division's product line grew from a different concept for how to optimize a computer's instruction set for particular programming languages. "Burroughs Large Systems" referred to all of these large-system product lines toget ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Job Control Language
Job Control Language (JCL) is a scripting language used on IBM mainframe operating systems to instruct the system on how to run a batch processing, batch job or start a subsystem. The purpose of JCL is to say which programs to run, using which files or devices for input or output, and at times to also indicate under what conditions to skip a step. Parameters in the JCL can also provide accounting information for tracking the resources used by a job as well as which machine the job should run on. There are two distinct IBM Job Control Languages: * one for the operating system lineage that begins with DOS/360 and whose latest member is z/VSE; and * the other for the lineage from OS/360 to z/OS, the latter now including Job Entry Subsystem 2/3, JES extensions, #Job Entry Control Language, Job ''Entry'' Control Language (JECL). They share some basic syntax rules and a few basic concepts, but are otherwise very different. The VM (operating system), VM operating system does not have ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Job Stream
In a non-interactive computer system, particularly IBM mainframes, a job stream, jobstream, or simply job is the sequence of job control language statements (JCL) and data (called ''instream data'') that comprise a single "unit of work for an operating system". The term ''job'' traditionally means a one-off piece of work, and is contrasted with a ''batch'' (executing the same steps over many inputs), but non-interactive computation has come to be called "batch processing", and thus a unit of batch processing is often called a ''job'', or by the oxymoronic term batch job; see ''job'' for details. Performing a job consists of executing one or more programs. Each program execution, called a ''job step'', ''jobstep'', or ''step'', is usually related in some way to the others in the job. Steps in a job are executed sequentially, possibly depending on the results of previous steps, particularly in batch processing. The term "job stream" is particularly associated with mainframes; in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
System Generation (OS)
System Generation (SysGen) is a two-stage process for installing or updating OS/360, OS/VS1, OS/VS2 (SVS), OS/VS2 (MVS) and chargeable systems derived from them. There are similar processes for, e.g., DOS/360, which this article does not cover. Also, some of the details have changed between releases of OS/360 and many details do not carry over to later systems. There are several reasons that IBM provided a system generation process rather than simply providing a mechanism to restore the system from tape to disk. System/360 did not have self-identifying I/O devices, and the customer could request installation of I/O devices at arbitrary addresses. As a result, IBM had to provide a mechanism for the customer to define the I/O configuration to OS/360. Also, OS/360 supported several different options; IBM needed a way for the customer to select the code appropriate for the options needed at a particular installation. The SysGen process runs as a series of jobs under the control of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
OS/360 And Successors
OS/360, officially known as IBM System/360 Operating System, is a discontinued batch processing operating system developed by IBM for their then-new System/360 mainframe computer, announced in 1964; it was influenced by the earlier IBSYS/IBJOB and Input/Output Control System (IOCS) packages for the IBM 7090/7094 and even more so by the PR155 Operating System for the IBM 1410/ 7010 processors. It was one of the earliestJust a few years after Atlas Supervisor, Burroughs MCP and GECOS operating systems to require the computer hardware to include at least one direct access storage device. Although OS/360 itself was discontinued, successor operating systems, including the virtual storage MVS and the 64-bit z/OS, are still run and maintain application-level compatibility with OS/360. Overview IBM announced three different levels of OS/360, generated from the same tapes and sharing most of their code. IBM eventually renamed these options and made some significant design changes: ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Macro (computer Science)
In computer programming, a macro (short for "macro instruction"; ) is a rule or pattern that specifies how a certain input should be mapped to a replacement output. Applying a macro to an input is known as macro expansion. The input and output may be a sequence of lexical tokens or characters, or a syntax tree. Character macros are supported in software applications to make it easy to invoke common command sequences. Token and tree macros are supported in some programming languages to enable code reuse or to extend the language, sometimes for domain-specific languages. Macros are used to make a sequence of computing instructions available to the programmer as a single program statement, making the programming task less tedious and less error-prone. Thus, they are called "macros" because a "big" block of code can be expanded from a "small" sequence of characters. Macros often allow positional or keyword parameters that dictate what the conditional assembler program gen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DOS/360 And Successors
Disk Operating System/360, also DOS/360, or simply DOS, is the discontinued first member of a sequence of operating systems for IBM System/360, System/370 and later mainframes. It was announced by IBM on the last day of 1964, and it was first delivered in June 1966. In its time, DOS/360 was the most widely used operating system in the world. DOS versions BOS/360 The Basic Operating System (BOS) was an early version of DOS and TOS which could provide usable functionality on a system with as little as 8 KB of main storage and one 2311 disk drive. TOS/360 TOS/360 (Tape Operating System/360, not a DOS as such and not so called) was an IBM operating system for the System/360, used in the early days around 1965 to support the System/360 Model 30 and similar platforms. TOS, as per the "Tape" in the name, required a tape drive. It shared most of the code base and some manuals with IBM's DOS/360. TOS went through 14 releases, and was discontinued when disks such as the IBM 2 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
System/360
The IBM System/360 (S/360) is a family of mainframe computer systems announced by IBM on April 7, 1964, and delivered between 1965 and 1978. System/360 was the first family of computers designed to cover both commercial and scientific applications and a complete range of applications from small to large. The design distinguished between computer architecture, architecture and implementation, allowing IBM to release a suite of compatible designs at different prices. All but the only partially compatible IBM System/360 Model 44, Model 44 and the most expensive systems use microcode to implement the instruction set, featuring 8-bit computing, 8-bit byte addressing and fixed-point binary, fixed-point decimal and IBM hexadecimal floating-point, hexadecimal floating-point arithmetic, floating-point calculations. The System/360 family introduced IBM's Solid Logic Technology (SLT), which packed more transistors onto a circuit card, allowing more powerful but smaller computers. System/36 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Directive (programming)
In computer programming, a directive or pragma (from "pragmatic") is a language construct that specifies how a compiler (or other translator) should process its input. Depending on the programming language, directives may or may not be part of the grammar of the language and may vary from compiler to compiler. They can be processed by a preprocessor to specify compiler behavior, or function as a form of in-band parameterization. In some cases directives specify global behavior, while in other cases they only affect a local section, such as a block of programming code. In some cases, such as some C programs, directives are optional compiler hints and may be ignored, but normally they are prescriptive and must be followed. However, a directive does not perform any action in the language itself, but rather only a change in the behavior of the compiler. This term could be used to refer to proprietary third-party tags and commands (or markup) embedded in code that result in additiona ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language
The Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language (ESPOL) is a programming language, a superset of ALGOL 60, that provides abilities of what would later be termed a '' system programming language'' or ''machine oriented high order language'' (mohol), such as interrupting a processor on a multiprocessing system (the Burroughs large systems were multiprocessor systems). ESPOL was used to write the '' Master Control Program'' (MCP) on Burroughs computer systems from the B5000 to the B6700. The single-pass compiler In computing, a compiler is a computer program that Translator (computing), translates computer code written in one programming language (the ''source'' language) into another language (the ''target'' language). The name "compiler" is primaril ... for ESPOL could compile over 250 lines per second. ESPOL was superseded by NEWP in the mid-to-late 1970s. References ALGOL 60 implementation ALGOL 60 dialect Burroughs mainframe computers Systems programming langu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Operating System
An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources, and provides common daemon (computing), services for computer programs. Time-sharing operating systems scheduler (computing), schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of Scheduling (computing), processor time, mass storage, peripherals, and other resources. For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and frequently makes system calls to an OS function or is interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computerfrom cellular phones and video game consoles to web servers and supercomputers. , Android (operating system), Android is the most popular operating system with a 46% market share, followed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
