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Synoeca
''Synoeca'' is a genus of eusocial paper wasps found in the tropical forests of the Americas. Commonly known as warrior wasps or drumming wasps, they are known for their aggressive behavior, a threat display consisting of multiple insects guarding a nest beating their wings in a synchronized fashion, and an extremely painful sting. The sting is barbed and if used often kills the wasp, which may be the reason why such a striking defensive display is used. This display escalates from drumming inside the nest to hundreds of wasps moving on to the envelope of the nest and of continuing to drum and only if this does not deter the threat do the wasps begin to sting. Distribution and habitat The genus has a wide range within the Americas, with specimens being found in the tropical and subtropical portions thereof. ''S. septentrionalis'' is generally found in the northern part of the range, having been observed as far north as Mexico, throughout Central America and northern South America ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synoeca Septentrionalis
''Synoeca septentrionalis'' is one of five species of wasps in the genus ''Synoeca''. It is a swarm-founding wasp that is also eusocial, exhibiting complicated nest structure and defense mechanisms and a colony cycle including a pre-emergence phase and a post-emergence phase. It is typically found in areas from Central to South America. This wasp is one of the larger species of paper wasps and exhibits multiple morphological adaptations as a result of this. ''Synoeca septentrionalis'' is known for possessing a very painful sting. Taxonomy and phylogeny ''Synoeca septentrionalis'' is one of five species of wasp in the genus ''Synoeca'', with the other four being ''S. chalybea'', ''S. cyanea'', ''S. surinama'', and ''S. virginea''. Wasps in the genus ''Synoeca'' are often referred to as warrior wasps and are found in various areas in the Americas. Each wasp in the genus exhibits similar characteristics, but from a phylogenetic standpoint, ''S. septentrionalis'' is most closely relat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synoeca Virginea
''Synoeca'' is a genus of eusocial paper wasps found in the tropical forests of the Americas. Commonly known as warrior wasps or drumming wasps, they are known for their aggressive behavior, a threat display consisting of multiple insects guarding a nest beating their wings in a synchronized fashion, and an extremely painful sting. The sting is barbed and if used often kills the wasp, which may be the reason why such a striking defensive display is used. This display escalates from drumming inside the nest to hundreds of wasps moving on to the envelope of the nest and of continuing to drum and only if this does not deter the threat do the wasps begin to sting. Distribution and habitat The genus has a wide range within the Americas, with specimens being found in the tropical and subtropical portions thereof. ''S. septentrionalis'' is generally found in the northern part of the range, having been observed as far north as Mexico, throughout Central America and northern South Ame ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synoeca Cyanea
''Synoeca cyanea'', commonly known as the marimbondo-tatu in Brazil, is a swarm-founding eusocial wasp. Native to Brazil and Argentina, ''S. cyanea'' is one of the largest and most aggressive species of social wasps and is feared in many rural areas. It begins its colony cycle in the early spring and continues until nest abandonment. Throughout its life, ''S. cyanea'' forage sugary substances and animal carcasses for food and wood pulp for its nest. ''S. cyanea'' is also known for its strong venom, which is enough to cause haemolytic activity. Taxonomy and phylogenetics Johan Christian Fabricius, a Danish zoologist, classified ''S. cyanea'' in 1775. The genus ''Synoeca'' is a part of the paper wasp tribe Epiponini and consists of five species (''S. chalibea'', ''S. virginea'', '' S. septentrionalis'', '' S. surinama'', and ''S. cyanea''). ''Synoeca'' is a basal genus in the tribe. Cyanea, the adjective describing the species, translates to “dark blue,” referring to the metal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synoeca Surinama
''Synoeca surinama'' is a Neotropical swarm-founding wasp of the tribe Epiponini. It is known for its metallic blue and black appearance and painful sting. ''S. surinama'' builds nests on tree trunks and can be found in tropical climates of South America. When preparing to swarm, there are a number of pre-swarming behaviors that members of ''S. surinama'' colonies partake in, such as buzzing runs and occasional brood cannibalism. In ''S. surinama'', social environmental conditions determine the caste ranks of individuals in the developing brood. Unlike less primitive Hymenoptera species, ''S. surinama'' display little morphological variation between egg laying queens and workers. ''S. surinama'' wasps visit flowering plants and are considered pollinators. When these wasps sting, the stinger is left in the victim and the wasp ultimately dies. Taxonomy and phylogenetics The genus ''Synoeca'' is small, monophyletic, and is made up of the five species '' S. chalibea'', '' S. virginea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synoeca Ilheensis
''Synoeca ilheensis'' is a species of wasp in the genus ''Synoeca''. It is found within the Atlantic Forest lowlands in South America. Members of this species are more aggressive and will warn invaders by producing a rhythm with their wings that resembles soldiers marching. ''Synoeca ilheensis'' was publicly announced on August 3, 2017. ''Synoeca ilheensis'' is similar to ''Synoeca septentrionalis ''Synoeca septentrionalis'' is one of five species of wasps in the genus '' Synoeca''. It is a swarm-founding wasp that is also eusocial, exhibiting complicated nest structure and defense mechanisms and a colony cycle including a pre-emergence ph ...'' and '' Synoeca surinama''. Discovery Rodolpho S.T. Menezes noted that he found specimens of ''Synoeca septentrionalis'' in the Atlantic Forest. He also stated they could be a separate species. In 2017, Mendes and Rogério Botion Lopes studied the specimens and determined them to be a separate species. The main defining traits are the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synoeca Chalibea
''Synoeca chalibea'' is a swarm-founding social wasp that ranges from Costa Rica to Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area .... The species name was originally published in 1852 as ''chalibea'', but misspelled as ''chalybea'' in most subsequent publications. References Vespidae Hymenoptera of South America Insects described in 1852 {{Vespidae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Schmidt Sting Pain Index
The Schmidt sting pain index is a pain scale rating the relative pain caused by different hymenopteran stings. It is mainly the work of Justin O. Schmidt (born 1947), an entomologist at the Carl Hayden Bee Research Center in Arizona, United States. Schmidt has published a number of papers on the subject, and claims to have been stung by the majority of stinging Hymenoptera. His original paper in 1983 was a way to systematize and compare the hemolytic properties of insect venoms. A table contained in the paper included a column that rated sting pain, starting from 0 for stings that are completely ineffective against humans, progressing through 2, a familiar pain such as that caused by a common bee or wasp sting, and finishing at 4 for the most painful stings; in the original paper, only the bullet ant, ''Paraponera clavata'', was given a rating of 4. Later revised versions of the index added ''Synoeca septentrionalis'', along with tarantula hawks as the only species to share ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eusocial
Eusociality (from Greek εὖ ''eu'' "good" and social), the highest level of organization of sociality, is defined by the following characteristics: cooperative brood care (including care of offspring from other individuals), overlapping generations within a colony of adults, and a division of labor into reproductive and non-reproductive groups. The division of labor creates specialized behavioral groups within an animal society which are sometimes referred to as 'castes'. Eusociality is distinguished from all other social systems because individuals of at least one caste usually lose the ability to perform at least one behavior characteristic of individuals in another caste. Eusocial colonies can be viewed as superorganisms. Eusociality exists in certain insects, crustaceans, and mammals. It is mostly observed and studied in the Hymenoptera ( ants, bees, and wasps) and in Blattodea (termites). A colony has caste differences: queens and reproductive males take the roles of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eusociality
Eusociality (from Ancient Greek, Greek εὖ ''eu'' "good" and social), the highest level of organization of sociality, is defined by the following characteristics: cooperative Offspring, brood care (including care of offspring from other individuals), overlapping generations within a colony of adults, and a division of labor into reproductive and non-reproductive groups. The division of labor creates specialized behavioral groups within an animal society which are sometimes referred to as 'castes'. Eusociality is distinguished from all other social systems because individuals of at least one caste usually lose the ability to perform at least one behavior characteristic of individuals in another caste. Eusocial colonies can be viewed as superorganisms. Eusociality exists in certain insects, crustaceans, and mammals. It is mostly observed and studied in the Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps) and in Blattodea (termites). A colony has caste differences: queens and reproductive males ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diazepam
Diazepam, first marketed as Valium, is a medicine of the benzodiazepine family that acts as an anxiolytic. It is commonly used to treat a range of conditions, including anxiety, seizures, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, muscle spasms, insomnia, and restless legs syndrome. It may also be used to cause memory loss during certain medical procedures. It can be taken by mouth, inserted into the rectum, injected into muscle, injected into a vein or used as a nasal spray. When given into a vein, effects begin in one to five minutes and last up to an hour. By mouth, effects begin after 15 to 60 minutes. Common side-effects include sleepiness and trouble with coordination. Serious side effects are rare. They include increased risk of suicide, decreased breathing, and an increased risk of seizures if used too frequently in those with epilepsy. Occasionally, excitement or agitation may occur. Long-term use can result in tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms on dose reduc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pepsis
''Pepsis'' is a genus of spider wasps belonging to the family Pompilidae. Species within this genus are also called tarantula hawks, as they usually hunt tarantulas, similarly to many species in the genus '' Hemipepsis''. These wasps are restricted to the Americas, with the related genus ''Hemipepsis'' occurring in both Old and New Worlds. Species Species within this genus include: *'' Pepsis achterbergi'' Vardy, 2005 *'' Pepsis aciculata'' Taschenberg, 1869 *''Pepsis adonta'' Vardy, 2005 *'' Pepsis albocincta'' Smith, 1855 *''Pepsis amyntas'' Mocsáry, 1885 *'' Pepsis apicata'' Taschenberg, 1869 *''Pepsis aquila'' H. Lucas, 1895 *'' Pepsis assimilis'' Banks, 1946 *'' Pepsis asteria'' Mocsáry, 1894 *'' Pepsis atalanta'' Mocsáry, 1885 *'' Pepsis atripennis'' Fabricius, 1793, 1804 *'' Pepsis aurifex'' Smith, 1855 *'' Pepsis auriguttata'' Burmeister, 1872 *'' Pepsis aurozonata'' Smith, 1855 *'' Pepsis australis'' Saussure, 1868 *'' Pepsis basalis'' Mocsáry, 1885 *''Pep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tarantula Hawk
A tarantula hawk is a spider wasp (Pompilidae) that preys on tarantulas. Tarantula hawks belong to any of the many species in the genera '' Pepsis'' and '' Hemipepsis.'' They are one of the largest parasitoid wasps, using their sting to paralyze their prey before dragging it to a brood nest as living food; a single egg is laid on the prey, hatching to a larva which eats the still-living host. They are found on all continents other than Antarctica. Description Common species are up to long, making them among the largest of wasps, and have blue-black bodies and bright, rust-colored wings (other species have black wings with blue highlights). The vivid coloration found on their bodies, and especially wings, is an aposematism, advertising to potential predators the wasps' ability to deliver a powerful sting. Their long legs have hooked claws for grappling with their victims. The stinger of a female '' Pepsis grossa'' can be up to long, and the powerful sting is considered one of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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