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Syndinium Nucleophaga
''Syndinium'' is a cosmopolitan genus of parasitic dinoflagellates that infest and kill marine planktonic species of copepods and radiolarians.Chatton, E. 1910: The existence of coelom Dinoflagellate parasites. The Syndinium in pelagic copepods. ''Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires Des Seances De L Academie des Sciences''. 151: 654-656. ''Syndinium'' belongs to order Syndiniales, a candidate for the uncultured group I and II marine alveolates.Guillou, L., et al. 2008: Widespread occurrence and genetic diversity of marine parasitoids belonging to Syndiniales (Alveolata). Environ. Microbiol. 10(12): 3349-3365 The lifecycle of ''Syndinium'' is not well understood beyond the parasitic and zoospore stages.Skovgaard, A., Massana, R., Balagué, V., Saiz, E. 2005: Phylogenetic Position of the Copepod-Infesting Parasite ''Syndinium turbo'' (Dinoflagellata, Syndinea). Protist, 156(4): 413-423 History of research ''Syndinium'' was first described by French biologist Édouard Chatton in 1910 as p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eukaryota
The eukaryotes ( ) constitute the Domain (biology), domain of Eukaryota or Eukarya, organisms whose Cell (biology), cells have a membrane-bound cell nucleus, nucleus. All animals, plants, Fungus, fungi, seaweeds, and many unicellular organisms are eukaryotes. They constitute a major group of Outline of life forms, life forms alongside the two groups of prokaryotes: the Bacteria and the Archaea. Eukaryotes represent a small minority of the number of organisms, but given their generally much larger size, their collective global biomass is much larger than that of prokaryotes. The eukaryotes emerged within the archaeal Kingdom (biology), kingdom Asgard (Archaea), Promethearchaeati and its sole phylum Promethearchaeota. This implies that there are only Two-domain system, two domains of life, Bacteria and Archaea, with eukaryotes incorporated among the Archaea. Eukaryotes first emerged during the Paleoproterozoic, likely as Flagellated cell, flagellated cells. The leading evolutiona ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Morphology (biology)
Morphology (from Ancient Greek μορφή (morphḗ) "form", and λόγος (lógos) "word, study, research") is the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features. This includes aspects of the outward appearance (shape, structure, color, pattern, size), as well as the form and structure of internal parts like bones and organs, i.e., anatomy. This is in contrast to physiology, which deals primarily with function. Morphology is a branch of life science dealing with the study of the overall structure of an organism or taxon and its component parts. History The etymology of the word "morphology" is from the Ancient Greek (), meaning "form", and (), meaning "word, study, research". While the concept of form in biology, opposed to function, dates back to Aristotle (see Aristotle's biology), the field of morphology was developed by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1790) and independently by the German anatomist and physiologist Karl Fried ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microtubule
Microtubules are polymers of tubulin that form part of the cytoskeleton and provide structure and shape to eukaryotic cells. Microtubules can be as long as 50 micrometres, as wide as 23 to 27 nanometer, nm and have an inner diameter between 11 and 15 nm. They are formed by the polymerization of a Protein dimer, dimer of two globular proteins, Tubulin#Eukaryotic, alpha and beta tubulin into #Structure, protofilaments that can then associate laterally to form a hollow tube, the microtubule. The most common form of a microtubule consists of 13 protofilaments in the tubular arrangement. Microtubules play an important role in a number of cellular processes. They are involved in maintaining the structure of the cell and, together with microfilaments and intermediate filaments, they form the cytoskeleton. They also make up the internal structure of cilia and flagella. They provide platforms for intracellular transport and are involved in a variety of cellular processes, in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kinetochore
A kinetochore (, ) is a flared oblique-shaped protein structure associated with duplicated chromatids in eukaryotic cells where the spindle fibers, which can be thought of as the ropes pulling chromosomes apart, attach during cell division to pull sister chromatids apart. The kinetochore assembles on the centromere and links the chromosome to microtubule polymers from the mitotic spindle during mitosis and meiosis. The term kinetochore was first used in a footnote in a 1934 Cytology book by Lester W. Sharp and commonly accepted in 1936. Sharp's footnote reads: "The convenient term ''kinetochore'' (= movement place) has been suggested to the author by J. A. Moore", likely referring to John Alexander Moore who had joined Columbia University as a freshman in 1932. Monocentric organisms, including vertebrates, fungi, and most plants, have a single centromeric region on each chromosome which assembles a single, localized kinetochore. Holocentric organisms, such as nematodes a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dinokaryon
A dinokaryon is a eukaryotic nucleus present in dinoflagellates in which the chromosomes are fibrillar in appearance (i.e. with unmasked DNA fibrils) and are more or less continuously condensed. The nuclear envelope does not break down during mitosis, which is thus termed closed mitosis Mitosis () is a part of the cell cycle in eukaryote, eukaryotic cells in which replicated chromosomes are separated into two new Cell nucleus, nuclei. Cell division by mitosis is an equational division which gives rise to genetically identic ..., or "dinomitosis". The mitotic spindle is extranuclear. Histones are absent. However, recent EST sequencing has revealed the presence of histones in one of the closest relative to dinoflagellates, '' Perkinsus marinus'' and an early-branching dinoflagellate, '' Hematodinium'' sp. However, histone-like proteins of bacterial origins are found in the coding regions at periphery of the dinokaryon's chromosomes. References Dinoflagellate bio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxyrrhis
''Oxyrrhis'' is a genus of heterotrophic dinoflagellate, the only genus in the family Oxyrrhinaceae. It inhabits a range of marine environments worldwide and is important in the food web dynamics of these ecosystems. It has the potential to be considered a model organism for the study of other protists. ''Oxyrrhis'' is an early-branching lineage and has long been described in literature as a monospecific genus, containing only ''Oxyrrhis marina''. Some recent molecular phylogenetic studies argue that ''Oxyrrhis'' comprises ''O. marina'' and ''O. maritima'' as distinct species, while other publications state that the two are genetically diverse lineages of the same species. The genus has previously been suggested to contain ''O. parasitica'' as a separate species, however the current consensus appears to exclude this, with ''Oxyrrhis'' being monospecific and containing ''O. marina'' and ''O. maritima'' as separate lineages of the type species. The genus is characterised by its elong ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Syndinium Nuclear Division (1)
''Syndinium'' is a cosmopolitan genus of parasitic dinoflagellates that infest and kill marine planktonic species of copepods and radiolarians.Chatton, E. 1910: The existence of coelom Dinoflagellate parasites. The Syndinium in pelagic copepods. ''Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires Des Seances De L Academie des Sciences''. 151: 654-656. ''Syndinium'' belongs to order Syndiniales, a candidate for the uncultured group I and II marine alveolates.Guillou, L., et al. 2008: Widespread occurrence and genetic diversity of marine parasitoids belonging to Syndiniales (Alveolata). Environ. Microbiol. 10(12): 3349-3365 The lifecycle of ''Syndinium'' is not well understood beyond the parasitic and zoospore stages.Skovgaard, A., Massana, R., Balagué, V., Saiz, E. 2005: Phylogenetic Position of the Copepod-Infesting Parasite ''Syndinium turbo'' (Dinoflagellata, Syndinea). Protist, 156(4): 413-423 History of research ''Syndinium'' was first described by French biologist Édouard Chatton in 1910 as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gymnodinium
''Gymnodinium'' is a genus of dinoflagellates, a type of marine and freshwater plankton. It is one of the few naked dinoflagellates, or species lacking armor known as cellulosic plates. Since 2000, the species which had been considered to be part of ''Gymnodinium'' have been divided into several genera, based on the nature of the apical groove and partial LSU rDNA sequence data. '' Amphidinium'' was redefined later. Gymnodinium belong to red dinoflagellates that, in concentration, can cause red tides. The red tides produced by some ''Gymnodinium'', such as '' Gymnodinium catenatum'', are toxic and pose risks to marine and human life, including paralytic shellfish poisoning. Segregate genera *''Gymnodinium'' sensu stricto *'' Akashiwo'' *'' Amphidinium'' *'' Gyrodinium'' *'' Karenia'' *'' Karlodinium'' *'' Katodinium'' Former species ''Torodinium'' (with ''Torodinium robustum'' and the type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plasmodium (life Cycle)
A plasmodium is a living structure of cytoplasm that contains many nuclei, rather than being divided into individual cells each with a single nucleus. Plasmodia are best known from slime molds, but are also found in parasitic Myxosporea, and some algae such as the Chlorarachniophyta. Structure A plasmodium is an amoeboid, multinucleate, and naked mass of cytoplasm that contains many diploid nuclei. The resulting structure, a coenocyte, is created by many nuclear divisions without the process of cytokinesis, which in other organisms pulls newlydivided cells apart. In some cases, the resulting structure is a syncytium, created by the fusion of cells after division. Under suitable conditions, a plasmodium may differentiate and form fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips. Taxonomic distribution The term plasmodium, introduced by Leon Cienkowski, usually refers to the feeding stage of slime molds; these are macroscopic mycetozoans. The multinucleate developmental stage ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alveolate
The alveolates (meaning "pitted like a honeycomb") are a group of protists, considered a major unranked clade or superphylum within Eukaryota. They are currently grouped with the Stramenopiles and Rhizaria among the protists with tubulocristate mitochondria into the SAR supergroup. Characteristics The most notable shared characteristic is the presence of cortical (near the surface) alveoli (sacs). These are flattened vesicles (sacs) arranged as a layer just under the membrane and supporting it, typically contributing to a flexible pellicle (thin skin). In armored dinoflagellates they may contain stiff plates. Alveolates have mitochondria with tubular cristae ( invaginations), and cells often have pore-like intrusions through the cell surface. The group contains free-living and parasitic organisms, predatory flagellates, and photosynthetic organisms. Almost all sequenced mitochondrial genomes of ciliates and apicomplexa are linear. The mitochondria almost all carry mtDN ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ribosomal RNA
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA which is the primary component of ribosomes, essential to all cells. rRNA is a ribozyme which carries out protein synthesis in ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA is transcribed from ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and then bound to ribosomal proteins to form SSU rRNA, small and LSU rRNA, large ribosome subunits. rRNA is the physical and mechanical factor of the ribosome that forces transfer RNA (tRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) to process and Translation (biology), translate the latter into proteins. Ribosomal RNA is the predominant form of RNA found in most cells; it makes up about 80% of cellular RNA despite never being translated into proteins itself. Ribosomes are composed of approximately 60% rRNA and 40% ribosomal proteins, though this ratio differs between Prokaryote, prokaryotes and Eukaryote, eukaryotes. Structure Although the primary structure of rRNA sequences can vary across organisms, Base pair, base-pairing within these sequ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metagenomics
Metagenomics is the study of all genetics, genetic material from all organisms in a particular environment, providing insights into their composition, diversity, and functional potential. Metagenomics has allowed researchers to profile the microbial composition of Natural environment, environmental and clinical samples without the need for time-consuming Microbiological culture, culture of individual species. Metagenomics has transformed microbial ecology and evolutionary biology by uncovering previously hidden biodiversity and metabolic capabilities. As the cost of DNA sequencing continues to decline, metagenomic studies now routinely profile hundreds to thousands of samples, enabling large-scale exploration of microbial communities and their roles in health and global ecosystems. Metagenomic studies most commonly employ shotgun sequencing though Third-generation sequencing, long-read sequencing is being increasingly utilised as technologies advance. The field is also referre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
