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Swainsonine
Swainsonine is an indolizidine alkaloid. It is a potent inhibitor of Golgi alpha-mannosidase II, an immunomodulator, and a potential chemotherapy drug. As a toxin in locoweed (likely its primary toxin) it also is a significant cause of economic losses in livestock industries, particularly in North America. It was first isolated from '' Swainsona canescens''. Pharmacology Swainsonine inhibits glycoside hydrolases, specifically N-linked glycosylation. Disruption of Golgi alpha-mannosidase II with swainsonine induces hybrid-type glycans. These glycans have a Man5GlcNAc2 core with processing on the 3-arm that resembles so-called complex-type glycans. The pharmacological properties of this product have not been fully investigated. Sources Some plants do not produce the toxic compound itself; they are host of endophytic fungi which produces swainsonine. Biosynthesis The biosynthesis of swainsonine has been investigated in the fungus ''Rhizoctonia leguminicola'', and it i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Locoweed
Locoweed (also crazyweed and loco) is a common name in North America for any plant that produces swainsonine, a phytotoxin harmful to livestock. Worldwide, swainsonine is produced by a small number of species, most of them in three genera of the flowering plant family Fabaceae: ''Oxytropis'' and ''Astragalus'' in North America, and '' Swainsona'' in Australia. The term locoweed usually refers only to the North American species of ''Oxytropis'' and ''Astragalus'', but this article includes the other species as well. Some references may list ''Datura stramonium'' as locoweed. Locoweed is relatively palatable to livestock, and some individual animals will seek it out. Livestock poisoned by chronic ingestion of large amounts of swainsonine develop a medical condition known as ''locoism'' (swainsonine disease, swainsonine toxicosis in North America) and ''pea struck'' in Australia. Locoism is reported most often in cattle, sheep, and horses, but has also been reported in elk and d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Swainsona
''Swainsona'' is a large genus of flowering plants native to Australasia. There are 85 species, all but one of which are endemic to Australia. A member of the family Fabaceae (legumes), it is most closely related to the New Zealand genera '' Montigena'' (scree pea), ''Clianthus'' (kakabeak), and ''Carmichaelia'' (New Zealand broom). ''Swainsona'' is named after English botanist Isaac Swainson. A few species are known to produce swainsonine, a phytotoxin harmful to livestock (see Locoweed). In Australia, animals intoxicated with swainsonine are said to be pea struck. ;Selected species *''Swainsona acuticarinata'' ( A.T.Lee) Joy Thomps. *''Swainsona adenophylla'' J.M.Black *'' Swainsona affinis'' ( A.T.Lee) Joy Thomps. *'' Swainsona beasleyana'' F.Muell. *'' Swainsona behriana'' F.Muell. ex J.M.Black *'' Swainsona brachycarpa'' Benth. *'' Swainsona bracteata'' (Maiden & Betche) Joy Thomps. *'' Swainsona burkei'' F.Muell. ex Benth. *'' Swainsona burkittii'' F.Muell. ex Benth. * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Swainsona Canescens
''Swainsona'' is a large genus of flowering plants native to Australasia. There are 85 species, all but one of which are endemic to Australia. A member of the family Fabaceae (legumes), it is most closely related to the New Zealand genera ''Montigena'' (scree pea), ''Clianthus'' (kakabeak), and ''Carmichaelia'' (New Zealand broom). ''Swainsona'' is named after English botanist Isaac Swainson. A few species are known to produce swainsonine, a phytotoxin harmful to livestock (see Locoweed). In Australia, animals intoxicated with swainsonine are said to be pea struck. ;Selected species *''Swainsona acuticarinata'' ( A.T.Lee) Joy Thomps. *''Swainsona adenophylla'' J.M.Black *''Swainsona affinis'' ( A.T.Lee) Joy Thomps. *''Swainsona beasleyana'' F.Muell. *''Swainsona behriana'' F.Muell. ex J.M.Black *''Swainsona brachycarpa'' Benth. *''Swainsona bracteata'' (Maiden & Betche) Joy Thomps. *''Swainsona burkei'' F.Muell. ex Benth. *''Swainsona burkittii'' F.Muell. ex Benth. *''Sw ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indolizidine
Indolizidine is a heterocyclic chemical compound that forms the central core of the indolizidine alkaloids such as swainsonine and castanospermine. See also * Indole * Indolizine * Tryptophan * Tryptamine Tryptamine is an indolamine metabolite of the essential amino acid, tryptophan. The chemical structure is defined by an indole ─ a fused benzene and pyrrole ring, and a 2-aminoethyl group at the second carbon (third aromatic atom, with the f ... References Indolizidines {{heterocyclic-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Astragalus Earlei
''Astragalus'' is a large genus of over 3,000 species of herbs and small shrubs, belonging to the legume family Fabaceae and the subfamily Faboideae. It is the largest genus of plants in terms of described species. The genus is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Common names include milkvetch (most species), locoweed (in North America, some species) and goat's-thorn ( ''A. gummifer'', ''A. tragacantha''). Some pale-flowered vetches (''Vicia'' spp.) are similar in appearance, but they are more vine-like than ''Astragalus''. Description Most species in the genus have pinnately compound leaves. There are annual and perennial species. The flowers are formed in clusters in a raceme, each flower typical of the legume family, with three types of petals: banner, wings, and keel. The calyx is tubular or bell-shaped. Ecology ''Astragalus'' species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including many case-bearing moths of the genus ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Astragalus Humistratus
''Astragalus'' is a large genus of over 3,000 species of herbs and small shrubs, belonging to the legume family Fabaceae and the subfamily Faboideae. It is the largest genus of plants in terms of described species. The genus is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Common names include milkvetch (most species), locoweed (in North America, some species) and goat's-thorn ( ''A. gummifer'', ''A. tragacantha''). Some pale-flowered vetches ('' Vicia'' spp.) are similar in appearance, but they are more vine-like than ''Astragalus''. Description Most species in the genus have pinnately compound leaves. There are annual and perennial species. The flowers are formed in clusters in a raceme, each flower typical of the legume family, with three types of petals: banner, wings, and keel. The calyx is tubular or bell-shaped. Ecology ''Astragalus'' species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including many case-bearing moths of the genus ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Astragalus Tephrodes
''Astragalus'' is a large genus of over 3,000 species of herbs and small shrubs, belonging to the legume family Fabaceae and the subfamily Faboideae. It is the largest genus of plants in terms of described species. The genus is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Common names include milkvetch (most species), locoweed (in North America, some species) and goat's-thorn ( ''A. gummifer'', ''A. tragacantha''). Some pale-flowered vetches (''Vicia'' spp.) are similar in appearance, but they are more vine-like than ''Astragalus''. Description Most species in the genus have pinnately compound leaves. There are annual and perennial species. The flowers are formed in clusters in a raceme, each flower typical of the legume family, with three types of petals: banner, wings, and keel. The calyx is tubular or bell-shaped. Ecology ''Astragalus'' species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including many case-bearing moths of the genus ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Astragalus Wootoni
''Astragalus'' is a large genus of over 3,000 species of herbs and small shrubs, belonging to the legume family Fabaceae and the subfamily Faboideae. It is the largest genus of plants in terms of described species. The genus is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Common names include milkvetch (most species), locoweed (in North America, some species) and goat's-thorn ( ''A. gummifer'', ''A. tragacantha''). Some pale-flowered vetches ('' Vicia'' spp.) are similar in appearance, but they are more vine-like than ''Astragalus''. Description Most species in the genus have pinnately compound leaves. There are annual and perennial species. The flowers are formed in clusters in a raceme, each flower typical of the legume family, with three types of petals: banner, wings, and keel. The calyx is tubular or bell-shaped. Ecology ''Astragalus'' species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including many case-bearing moths of the genus ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Astragalus Lentiginosis
''Astragalus'' is a large genus of over 3,000 species of herbs and small shrubs, belonging to the legume family Fabaceae and the subfamily Faboideae. It is the largest genus of plants in terms of described species. The genus is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Common names include milkvetch (most species), locoweed (in North America, some species) and goat's-thorn ( ''A. gummifer'', ''A. tragacantha''). Some pale-flowered vetches (''Vicia'' spp.) are similar in appearance, but they are more vine-like than ''Astragalus''. Description Most species in the genus have pinnately compound leaves. There are annual and perennial species. The flowers are formed in clusters in a raceme, each flower typical of the legume family, with three types of petals: banner, wings, and keel. The calyx is tubular or bell-shaped. Ecology ''Astragalus'' species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including many case-bearing moths of the genus ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Astragalus Pubentissimus
''Astragalus'' is a large genus of over 3,000 species of herbs and small shrubs, belonging to the legume family Fabaceae and the subfamily Faboideae. It is the largest genus of plants in terms of described species. The genus is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Common names include milkvetch (most species), locoweed (in North America, some species) and goat's-thorn ( ''A. gummifer'', ''A. tragacantha''). Some pale-flowered vetches ('' Vicia'' spp.) are similar in appearance, but they are more vine-like than ''Astragalus''. Description Most species in the genus have pinnately compound leaves. There are annual and perennial species. The flowers are formed in clusters in a raceme, each flower typical of the legume family, with three types of petals: banner, wings, and keel. The calyx is tubular or bell-shaped. Ecology ''Astragalus'' species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including many case-bearing moths of the genus '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Astragalus Mollissimus
'' Astragalus mollissimus'' (common name - wooly locoweed) is a perennial plant in the legume family (Fabaceae) found in the Colorado Plateau and Canyonlands region of the southwestern United States.Canyon Country Wildflowers, Damian Fagan, 2nd ed., 2012, Morris Bush Publishing, LLC. in cooperation with Canyonlands Natural History Association, Description Growth pattern It is hairy a perennial plant growing from tall, from a very short stem. Leaves and stems It has hairy stems and leaves. "Mollissumus" means "most soft", referring to the hairy covering of the leaves and stems. Pinnate leaves are from long, with 15–35 elliptical to oval wooly leaflets. Inflorescence and fruit It blooms from March to August. The inflorescence are from stalks with 7–20 flowers per stalk. Each pink to purple or bicolored with white flower has a hairy calyx with 5 pointed teeth, around a corolla with upper petal flares at the end. Seed pods are , egg shaped and densely hairy. Habitat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
