|
Sustainability Bonds
Sustainability Bonds are fixed-income financial instruments ( bonds) where the proceeds will be exclusively used to finance or re-finance a combination of Green and Social Projects and which are aligned with the four core components of the International Capital Market Association (ICMA) Green Bonds Principles and Social Bonds principles. The main difference among green, social and sustainability bonds, lies in their sustainable categories for the allocation of proceeds, sustainability bonds needing to combine both social and green categories. The principles (ICMA) ICMA principles are currently the most commonly accepted framework for green, social and sustainability bonds’ issuance. They are coordinated by ICMA, which provides not only administrative support but also guidance for their governance process. The four core components of the principles are: # Use of proceeds: Identify the set of green and social sustainable categories or list of projects and assets to be financed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bond (finance)
In finance, a bond is a type of Security (finance), security under which the issuer (debtor) owes the holder (creditor) a debt, and is obliged – depending on the terms – to provide cash flow to the creditor (e.g. repay the principal (i.e. amount borrowed) of the bond at the Maturity (finance), maturity date and interest (called the coupon (bond), coupon) over a specified amount of time.) The timing and the amount of cash flow provided varies, depending on the economic value that is emphasized upon, thus giving rise to different types of bonds. The interest is usually payable at fixed intervals: semiannual, annual, and less often at other periods. Thus, a bond is a form of loan or IOU. Bonds provide the borrower with external funds to finance long-term investments or, in the case of government bonds, to finance current expenditure. Bonds and Share capital, stocks are both Security (finance), securities, but the major difference between the two is that (capital) stockholders h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Capital Market Association
The International Capital Market Association or ICMA is a not-for-profit global trade association A trade association, also known as an industry trade group, business association, sector association or industry body, is an organization founded and funded by businesses that operate in a specific Industry (economics), industry. Through collabor ..., for participants in the cross-border debt capital markets, with offices in Zurich, London, Paris, Brussels and Hong Kong. ICMA provides industry-driven standards and recommendations. ICMA works with regulatory and governmental authorities, helping to ensure that financial regulation supports stable and efficient capital markets. Since 2014, ICMA has been providing thSecretariatfor the Principles (thGreen Bond Principles(GBP), thSocial Bond Principles(SBP), thSustainability Bond Guidelines(SBG) and thSustainability-Linked Bond Principles(SLBP)) that underpin the global sustainable bond market. Since December 2022, ICMA has also be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Climate Bond
A green bond is a fixed-income financial instrument ( bond) which is used to fund projects that have positive environmental benefits. When referring to climate change mitigation projects they are also known as ''climate bonds''. Green bonds follow the ''Green Bond Principles'' stated by the International Capital Market Association (ICMA), and the proceeds from the issuance of which are to be used for the pre-specified types of projects. The categories of ''eligible green projects'' include for example: Renewable energy, energy efficiency, pollution prevention and control, environmentally sustainable management of living natural resources and land use, terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity, clean transportation, climate change adaptation. Like normal bonds, green bonds can be issued by governments, multi-national banks or corporations and the issuing organization repays the bond and any interest. The main difference is that the funds will be used only for positive climate chang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Bond
Social organisms, including human(s), live collectively in interacting populations. This interaction is considered social whether they are aware of it or not, and whether the exchange is voluntary or not. Etymology The word "social" derives from the Latin word ''socii'' ("allies"). It is particularly derived from the Italian ''Socii'' states, historical allies of the Roman Republic (although they rebelled against Rome in the Social War of 91–87 BC). Social theorists In the view of Karl Marx,Morrison, Ken. ''Marx, Durkheim, Weber. Formations of modern social thought'' human beings are intrinsically, necessarily and by definition social beings who, beyond being "gregarious creatures", cannot survive and meet their needs other than through social co-operation and association. Their social characteristics are therefore to a large extent an objectively given fact, stamped on them from birth and affirmed by socialization processes; and, according to Marx, in producing and reproduci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Food Security
Food security is the state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, healthy Human food, food. The availability of food for people of any class, gender, ethnicity, or religion is another element of food protection. Similarly, household food security is considered to exist when all the members of a family have consistent access to enough food for an active, healthy life. Food-secure individuals do not live in hunger or fear of starvation. Food security includes resilience to future disruptions of food supply. Such a disruption could occur due to various risk factors such as droughts and floods, shipping disruptions, fuel shortages, economic instability, and wars. Food insecurity is the opposite of food security: a state where there is only limited or uncertain availability of suitable food. The concept of food security has evolved over time. The four pillars of food security include availability, access, utilization, and stability. In addition, there are tw ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ASEAN
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, commonly abbreviated as ASEAN, is a regional grouping of 10 states in Southeast Asia "that aims to promote economic and security cooperation among its ten members." Together, its member states represent a population of more than 600 million people and land area of over . The bloc generated a purchasing power parity (PPP) gross domestic product (GDP) of around trillion in 2022, constituting approximately 6.5% of global GDP (PPP). ASEAN member states include some of the fastest growing economies in the world, and the institution plays an integral role in East Asian regionalism. The primary objectives of ASEAN, as stated by the association, are "to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region", and "to promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law in the relationship among countries in the region and adherence to the principles of the United Nation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Greenwashing
Greenwashing (a compound word modeled on "whitewash"), also called green sheen, is a form of advertising or marketing spin that deceptively uses green PR and green marketing to persuade the public that an organization's products, goals, or policies are environmentally friendly. Companies that intentionally adopt greenwashing communication strategies often do so to distance themselves from their environmental lapses or those of their suppliers. Firms engage in greenwashing for two primary reasons: to appear legitimate and to project an image of environmental responsibility to the public. Because there "is no harmonised definition of greenwashing", a determination that this is occurring in a given instance may be subjective. Greenwashing occurs when an organization spends significantly more resources on "green" advertising than on environmentally sound practices. Many corporations use greenwashing to improve public opinion of their brands. Complex corporate structures can fur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Competitive Advantage
In business, a competitive advantage is an attribute that allows an organization to outperform its competitors. A competitive advantage may include access to natural resources, such as high-grade ores or a low-cost power source, highly skilled labor, geographic location, high entry barriers, and access to new technology and to proprietary information. Overview The term ''competitive advantage'' refers to the ability gained through attributes and resources to perform at a higher level than others in the same industry or market (Christensen and Fahey 1984, Kay 1994, Porter 1980 cited by Chacarbaghi and Lynch 1999, p. 45). The study of this advantage has attracted profound research interest due to contemporary issues regarding superior performance levels of firms in today's competitive market. "A firm is said to have a competitive advantage when it is implementing a value creating strategy not simultaneously being implemented by any current or potential player" (Barney 1991 cited ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sustainability-linked Bond
A Sustainability-linked bond (SLB) is a fixed income instrument (Bond) where its financial and/or structural characteristics are tied to predefined Sustainability/ ESG objectives. The objectives are measured through predefined Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and evaluated against predefined Sustainability Performance Targets (SPTs). The proceeds of SLBs are intended for general purposes, and the use of proceeds is not determinative in their categorization. Bonds where the proceeds are used to finance or re-finance green projects, social projects or a combination of both are called Green, social and Sustainability bonds respectively, and should not be confused with SLBs. Sustainability-Linked Bond Principles The Sustainability-Linked Bond Principles are voluntary process guidelines that provide best practices and recommendations for financial instruments to incorporate forward-looking sustainability performance. They are expected to play a key role in the development of the Sus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Environmental Finance
Environmental finance is a field within finance that employs market-based environmental policy instruments to improve the ecological impact of investment strategies. The primary objective of environmental finance is to regress the negative impacts of climate change through pricing and trading schemes. The field of environmental finance was established in response to the poor management of economic crises by governmental bodies globally. Environmental finance aims to reallocate business resources to improve the sustainability of investments whilst also retaining profit margins. History In 1992, Richard L. Sandor proposed a new course outlining emission markets at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, that would later be known as the course, ''Environmental Finance''. Sandor anticipated a social shift in perspectives on the effects of global warming and wanted to be on the frontier of new research. Prior to this in 1990, Sandor had been involved with the passing of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sustainability-linked Bond
A Sustainability-linked bond (SLB) is a fixed income instrument (Bond) where its financial and/or structural characteristics are tied to predefined Sustainability/ ESG objectives. The objectives are measured through predefined Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and evaluated against predefined Sustainability Performance Targets (SPTs). The proceeds of SLBs are intended for general purposes, and the use of proceeds is not determinative in their categorization. Bonds where the proceeds are used to finance or re-finance green projects, social projects or a combination of both are called Green, social and Sustainability bonds respectively, and should not be confused with SLBs. Sustainability-Linked Bond Principles The Sustainability-Linked Bond Principles are voluntary process guidelines that provide best practices and recommendations for financial instruments to incorporate forward-looking sustainability performance. They are expected to play a key role in the development of the Sus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (abbreviated MBTA and known colloquially as "the T") is the public agency responsible for operating most public transportation services in Greater Boston, Massachusetts. The MBTA transit network includes the MBTA subway with three Passenger rail terminology#Heavy rail, metro lines (the Blue Line (MBTA), Blue, Orange Line (MBTA), Orange, and Red Line (MBTA), Red lines), two light rail lines (the Green Line (MBTA), Green and Mattapan Line, Mattapan lines), and a five-line bus rapid transit system (the Silver Line (MBTA), Silver Line); MBTA bus local and express service; the twelve-line MBTA Commuter Rail system, and MBTA boat, several ferry routes. In , the system had a ridership of , or about per weekday as of , of which the rapid transit lines averaged and the light rail lines , making it the List of United States rapid transit systems by ridership, fourth-busiest rapid transit system and the List of United States light rail system ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
