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Suratrana
Suratrana (IAST: Suratrāṇa, सुरत्राण) is a Sanskrit word that has been interpreted to mean either "protector of gods", or a transliteration of the Islamic word "Sultan" into Sanskrit. The term consists of two words "sura" (सुर) meaning "deva, gods, deity", and ''trana'' (त्राण) meaning "protect, preserve, defend". Suratrana is found in Indian texts and inscriptions, its interpretation is controversial particularly when the context relates to the post 12th-century medieval period of Hindu-Muslim interaction during Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire. For example, the word is found in a long Sanskrit stone inscription found at a temple at Hampi in Karnataka and dated to 1344 CE. The Nāgarī script inscription includes the term ''Hinduraya Suratrana'', which Benjamin Lewis Rice translates as "the Suratrana of Hindu Rayas". The term ''Hindu raya suratrana'' is also seen in some stone inscriptions found in Andhra Pradesh, the earliest dated to about 1352 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sultan
Sultan (; ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be used as the title of certain rulers who claimed almost full sovereignty (i.e., not having dependence on any higher ruler) without claiming the overall caliphate, or to refer to a powerful governor of a province within the caliphate. The adjectival form of the word is "sultanic", and the state and territories ruled by a sultan, as well as his office, are referred to as a sultanate ( '. The term is distinct from king ( '), though both refer to a sovereign ruler. The use of "sultan" is restricted to Muslim countries, where the title carries religious significance, contrasting the more secular ''king'', which is used in both Muslim and non-Muslim countries. Brunei, Malaysia and Oman are the only sovereign states which retain the title "sultan" ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Balhara (title)
Shri Prithvi-vallabha (IAST: ), or , was an imperial title used by several kings that ruled in present-day India, including the Chalukyas of Vatapi and the Rashtrakutas. It is a Kshatriya title that translates as "Lord of the Earth," or alternatively as "Husband of the Earth and Her Fortunes." Chalukyas of Vatapi All the sovereign rulers of the Vatapi Chalukya dynasty bore the title '' Shri-prithvi-vallabha'', which means "the husband of the goddess of fortune and the Earth" (that is, Vishnu). Mangalesha bore the exact title of ''Prithvi-vallabha'', as attested by the Mahakuta inscriptions. The Manor inscription of the Chalukya governor Jayashraya Mangalarasa, dated to 7 April 691 (year 613 of the Shaka era), also mentions ''Prithvi-vallabha'' as one of his titles. His son Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin also bore the title. Rashtrakutas Among the Rashtrakutas, the title was first adopted by Dantidurga, an 8th-century ruler of the Deccan and the founder of the Rashtrakuta dynas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hammira (other)
Hammira is a Sanskritized form the Arabic title Emir, Amir, adopted as a given name by the early medieval Indian rulers. It may refer to: * Hammiradeva (r. c. 1283-1301), a king of the Chahamana dynasty of north-western India ** Hammira Mahakavya, 15th-century Sanskrit epic about the king ** Hamir Raso, 18th or 19th-century Hindi poem about the king ** ''Hameer Hath'', List of Hindi films of 1964, 1964 Indian Hindi-language film about the king by Jaswant Jhaveri * Hammiravarman (r. c. 1288-1311), a king of the Chandela dynasty of central India * Hammir Singh (r. c. 1314-1378), a king of the Sisodia dynasty of Mewar in north-western India * Hamir Singh II, maharana of Mewar from 1772–1778 *Bir Hambir, 49th king of Mallabhum *Hambirrao Mohite, military commander of the Maratha Empire * A common title used for the invading Muslim kings in early medieval Indian Sanskrit texts See also *Hamir (other) *Hamira, town in Kapurthala, Punjab, India **Hamira railway station *Ham ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hampi
Hampi or Hampe (), also referred to as the Group of Monuments at Hampi, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in the town of Hampi in Vijayanagara district, east-central Karnataka, India. Hampi predates the Vijayanagara Empire; it is mentioned in the ''Ramayana'' and the Puranas of Hinduism as Pampa Devi Tirtha Kshetra. Hampi continues as a religious centre, with the Virupaksha Temple, an active Adi Shankara-linked monastery and various monuments belonging to the old city. Hampi was the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire from 1336 to 1565 (as Vijayanagara), when it was abandoned. It was a fortified city. Chronicles left by Persian and European travellers, particularly the Portuguese, say that Hampi was a prosperous, wealthy and grand city near the Tungabhadra River, with numerous temples, farms and trading markets. Hampi-Vijayanagara is estimated to be the world's second-largest city by 1500, after Beijing, and probably India's richest at that time, attracting traders f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Musunuri Kapaya Nayak
The Musunuri Nayakas were a prominent Telugu Hindu warrior dynasty that rose to power in the 14th century in the Deccan region following the fall of the Kakatiya Empire to the Delhi Sultanate in 1323 CE. They originated from the region of Musunuru in the Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh. Their emergence marked a significant phase of resistance against northern Muslim forces, in response to the devastation inflicted upon the Telugu country, and represented a resurgence aimed at re-establishing indigenous Hindu rule in the region. Musunuri Prolaya Nayaka initiated the revolt by uniting various local chieftains to challenge the dominance of the Delhi Sultanate and reclaim Orugallu (Warangal). He first expelled Muslims from Rajahmundry and took control of the region between the Krishna and Godavari rivers. Aware of the numerical disadvantage, he began ruling from Rekapalle in the Bhadrachalam forest, an area with difficult terrain, and launched guerrilla attacks against Musl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hindu
Hindus (; ; also known as Sanātanīs) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism, also known by its endonym Sanātana Dharma. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pp. 35–37 Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for people living in the Indian subcontinent. It is assumed that the term ''"Hindu"'' traces back to Avestan scripture Vendidad which refers to land of seven rivers as Hapta Hendu which itself is a cognate to Sanskrit term ''Sapta Sindhuḥ''. (The term ''Sapta Sindhuḥ'' is mentioned in Rig Veda and refers to a North western Indian region of seven rivers and to India as a whole.) The Greek cognates of the same terms are "''Indus''" (for the river) and "''India''" (for the land of the river). Likewise the Hebrew cognate ''hōd-dū'' refers to India mentioned in Hebrew BibleEsther 1:1. The term "''Hindu''" also implied a geographic, ethnic or cultural identifier for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IAST
The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is a transliteration scheme that allows the lossless romanisation of Brahmic family, Indic scripts as employed by Sanskrit and related Indic languages. It is based on a scheme that emerged during the 19th century from suggestions by Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet, Charles Trevelyan, William Jones (philologist), William Jones, Monier Monier-Williams and other scholars, and formalised by the Transliteration Committee of the Geneva International Congress of Orientalists, Oriental Congress, in September 1894. IAST makes it possible for the reader to read the Indic text unambiguously, exactly as if it were in the original Indic script. It is this faithfulness to the original scripts that accounts for its continuing popularity amongst scholars. Usage Scholars commonly use IAST in publications that cite textual material in Sanskrit, Pāḷi and other classical Indian languages. IAST is also used for major e-text repos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transliteration
Transliteration is a type of conversion of a text from one script to another that involves swapping letters (thus '' trans-'' + '' liter-'') in predictable ways, such as Greek → and → the digraph , Cyrillic → , Armenian → or Latin → . For instance, for the Greek term , which is usually translated as 'Hellenic Republic', the usual transliteration into the Latin script (romanization) is ; and the Russian term , which is usually translated as 'Russian Republic', can be transliterated either as or alternatively as . Transliteration is the process of representing or intending to represent a word, phrase, or text in a different script or writing system. Transliterations are designed to convey the pronunciation of the original word in a different script, allowing readers or speakers of that script to approximate the sounds and pronunciation of the original word. Transliterations do not change the pronunciation of the word. Thus, in the Greek above example, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hinduism
Hinduism () is an Hypernymy and hyponymy, umbrella term for a range of Indian religions, Indian List of religions and spiritual traditions#Indian religions, religious and spiritual traditions (Sampradaya, ''sampradaya''s) that are unified by adherence to the concept of ''dharma'', a Ṛta, cosmic order maintained by its followers through rituals and righteous living, as expounded in the Vedas. The word ''Hindu'' is an exonym, and while Hinduism has been called the oldest religion in the world, it has also been described by the modern term ''Sanātana Dharma'' () emphasizing its eternal nature. ''Vaidika Dharma'' () and ''Arya dharma'' are historical endonyms for Hinduism. Hinduism entails diverse systems of thought, marked by a range of shared Glossary of Hinduism terms, concepts that discuss God in Hinduism, theology, Hindu mythology, mythology, among other topics in Hindu texts, textual sources. Hindu texts have been classified into Śruti () and Smṛti (). The major Hin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Badami
Badami, formerly known as Vātāpi (Sanskrit: from ''āpi'', ‘friend, ally’; ‘having the wind (vāta) as an ally’; Kannada script: ವಾತಾಪಿ), is a town and headquarters of a taluk by the same name, in the Bagalkot district of Karnataka, India. It was the regal capital of the Badami Chalukyas from 540 to 757. It is famous for its rock cut monuments such as the Badami cave temples, as well as the structural temples such as the Bhutanatha temples, Badami Shivalaya and Jambulingesvara Temple. It is located in a ravine at the foot of a rugged, red sandstone outcrop that surrounds Agastya lake. Badami has been selected as one of the heritage cities for HRIDAY - Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana scheme of Government of India. History Prehistoric and epic The Badami region was settled in pre-historic times, as is evidenced by megalithic dolmens. In the local tradition, the town of Badami is linked to the Agastya legend of the epics. In the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aihole
Aihole (ಐಹೊಳೆ), also referred to as Aivalli, Ahivolal or Aryapura, is a historic site of ancient and medieval era Buddhist, Hindu and Jain monuments in Karnataka, India that dates from the sixth century through the twelfth century CE. Most of the surviving monuments at the site date from the 7th to 10th centuries. Located around an eponymous small village surrounded by farmlands and sandstone hills, Aihole is a major archaeological site, featuring over 120 stone and cave temples spread along the Malaprabha river valley, in Bagalakote district. Aihole is from Badami and about from Pattadakal, both of which are major centres of historically important Chalukya monuments. Aihole, along with nearby Badami (Vatapi), emerged by the 6th century as the cradle of experimentation with temple architecture, stone artwork, and construction techniques. This resulted in 16 types of free-standing temples and 4 types of rock-cut shrines. The experimentation in architecture and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ajanta Caves
The Ajanta Caves are 30 rock-cut architecture, rock-cut Buddhist caves in India, Buddhist cave monuments dating from the second century Common Era, BCE to about 480 CE in Aurangabad district, Maharashtra, Aurangabad district of Maharashtra state in India. Ajanta Caves are a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Universally regarded as masterpieces of Buddhist art, Buddhist religious art, the caves include paintings and rock-cut sculptures described as among the finest surviving examples of Ancient Indian architecture, ancient Indian art, particularly expressive paintings that present emotions through gesture, pose and form. The caves were built in two phases, the first starting around the second century BCE and the second occurring from 400 to 650 CE, according to older accounts, or in a brief period of 460–480 CE according to later scholarship. The Ajanta Caves constitute ancient monasteries (''Vihāra, Viharas'') and worship-halls (''Chaityas'') of different Buddhist traditions car ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
