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Sudebnik
The Sudebnik of 1497 (), also known as the Sudebnik of Ivan III (), was a collection of laws introduced by Ivan III in 1497. It played a big part in the centralisation of the Russian state, the creation of all-Russian legislation, and the elimination of feudal fragmentation.Monuments of Russian Law. Vol. 3: Monuments of Law in the Period of Formation of Russian Centralized State in 14—15 centuries / ed. by Lev Cherepnin. Moscow, 1955. P. 419—420, 426—432, 438—457. (. Also full Old Russian text and translation into modern Russian). It was later replaced by the Sudebnik of 1550 under Ivan IV. Content The ''Sudebnik'' replaced the former legal charters of different Russian principalities as a code for the entire state. It set up an order of court procedures and legal norms, binding uniformly on all parts of the state and strengthening the central authority in Moscow. The ''Sudebnik'' takes its roots from earlier law codes, including the ''Russkaya Pravda'', the Pskov Jud ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sudebnik (early 16th C
The Sudebnik of 1497 (), also known as the Sudebnik of Ivan III (), was a collection of laws introduced by Ivan III in 1497. It played a big part in the centralisation of the Russian state, the creation of all-Russian legislation, and the elimination of feudal fragmentation.Monuments of Russian Law. Vol. 3: Monuments of Law in the Period of Formation of Russian Centralized State in 14—15 centuries / ed. by Lev Cherepnin. Moscow, 1955. P. 419—420, 426—432, 438—457. (. Also full Old Russian text and translation into modern Russian). It was later replaced by the Sudebnik of 1550 under Ivan IV. Content The ''Sudebnik'' replaced the former legal charters of different Russian principalities as a code for the entire state. It set up an order of court procedures and legal norms, binding uniformly on all parts of the state and strengthening the central authority in Moscow. The ''Sudebnik'' takes its roots from earlier law codes, including the ''Russkaya Pravda'', the Pskov Judic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sudebnik Of 1497
The Sudebnik of 1497 (), also known as the Sudebnik of Ivan III (), was a collection of laws introduced by Ivan III in 1497. It played a big part in the centralisation of the Russian state, the creation of all-Russian legislation, and the elimination of feudal fragmentation.Monuments of Russian Law. Vol. 3: Monuments of Law in the Period of Formation of Russian Centralized State in 14—15 centuries / ed. by Lev Cherepnin. Moscow, 1955. P. 419—420, 426—432, 438—457. (. Also full Old Russian text and translation into modern Russian). It was later replaced by the Sudebnik of 1550 under Ivan IV. Content The ''Sudebnik'' replaced the former legal charters of different Russian principalities as a code for the entire state. It set up an order of court procedures and legal norms, binding uniformly on all parts of the state and strengthening the central authority in Moscow. The ''Sudebnik'' takes its roots from earlier law codes, including the '' Russkaya Pravda'', the Pskov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sudebnik Of 1550
The Sudebnik of 1550 (), also known as the Sudebnik of Ivan IV (), was an expansion and revision of the Sudebnik of 1497 by Ivan IV of Russia, a code of laws originally instituted by Ivan III, his grandfather. It is considered the result of the first Russian parliament of feudal estates (Zemsky Sobor The ''Zemsky Sobor'' ( rus, зе́мский собо́р, p=ˈzʲemskʲɪj sɐˈbor, t=assembly of the land) was a parliament of the Tsardom of Russia's estates of the realm active during the 16th and 17th centuries. The assembly represented ...). The Sudebnik of 1550 liquidated the aristocracy's judicial privileges and strengthened the role of state judicial bodies. The Sudebnik also provided for the active participation of the elective representatives of local communities (rural heads, jurymen, ''tselovalniki'', ''dvorskie'' etc.) in legal proceedings. The arrest of suspects could be made only at the consent of the local community. The representative of a community (''dyak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russkaya Pravda
The ''Russkaya Pravda'' (sometimes translated as ''Rus' Justice'', ''Rus' Truth'', or ''Russian Justice'') was the legal code of Kievan Rus' and its principalities during the period of feudal fragmentation. It was written at the beginning of the 12th century and remade during many centuries. The basis of the ''Russkaya Pravda'', the ''Pravda'' of Yaroslav, was written at the beginning of the 11th century. The ''Russkaya Pravda'' was a main source of the law of Kievan Rus'. In spite of great influence of Byzantine legislation on the contemporary world, and in spite of great cultural and commercial ties between Byzantium and Kievan Rus', the ''Russkaya Pravda'' bore no similarity whatsoever to the law of the Byzantine Empire. The absence of capital and corporal punishment rather reflects Norse jurisprudence. Editions Three recensions of the ''Russkaya Pravda'' are known: the Short Edition (''Kratkaya Pravda''), the Extensive Edition (''Prostrannaya Pravda''), and the Abridge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ivan III Of Russia
Ivan III Vasilyevich (; 22 January 1440 – 27 October 1505), also known as Ivan the Great, was Grand Prince of Moscow and Sovereign of all Russia, all Russia from 1462 until his death in 1505. Ivan served as the co-ruler and regent for his blind father Vasily II before he officially ascended the throne. He multiplied the territory of his state through conquest, purchase, inheritance and the seizure of lands from his dynastic relatives, and laid the foundations of the centralized Russian state. He also renovated the Kremlin, Moscow Kremlin and introduced a new Sudebnik of 1497, legal code. Ivan is credited with ending the dominance of the Tatars over Russia; his Great Stand on the Ugra River, victory over the Great Horde in 1480 formally restored its independence. Ivan began using the title tsar, and used the title tentatively until the House of Habsburg, Habsburgs recognized it. While officially using "tsar" in his correspondence with other monarchs, he was satisfied with the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pskov Judicial Charter
The Pskov Judicial Charter (), also known as the Charter of Pskov, was the legal code of the Pskov Republic. It was issued in various redactions between 1397 and 1467. It, along with the Novgorod Judicial Charter, was an important source for the Sudebnik of 1497 under Ivan III, the first collection of laws of the unified state. It is considered to be a monument of Russian law. Description Only one complete copy is known to have survived, while a smaller fragment, known as the Synodal Copy, was found and published by the historian Nikolai Karamzin in 1812. The full text of what is called the Vorontsov Copy was found and published by in 1847. The document is divided into 120 articles. A number of authors believe that the available texts were copied from defective copies. The preamble of the Synodal Copy says: Although the preamble refers to the year 6905 in the Byzantine calendar (1396/1397), there were only two cathedral districts in Pskov at the time, while the fifth ''sobor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ivan The Terrible
Ivan IV Vasilyevich (; – ), commonly known as Ivan the Terrible,; ; monastic name: Jonah. was Grand Prince of Moscow, Grand Prince of Moscow and all Russia from 1533 to 1547, and the first Tsar of all Russia, Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia from 1547 until his death in 1584. Ivan's reign was characterised by Russia's transformation from a medieval state to a fledgling empire, but at an immense cost to its people and long-term economy. Ivan IV was the eldest son of Vasili III of Russia, Vasili III by his second wife Elena Glinskaya, and a grandson of Ivan III of Russia, Ivan III. He succeeded his father after his death, when he was three years old. A group of reformers united around the young Ivan, crowning him as tsar in 1547 at the age of 16. In the early years of his reign, Ivan ruled with the group of reformers known as the Chosen Council and established the ''Zemsky Sobor'', a new assembly convened by the tsar. He also revised the Sudebnik of 1550, legal code and in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Feudal
Feudalism, also known as the feudal system, was a combination of legal, economic, military, cultural, and political customs that flourished in Middle Ages, medieval Europe from the 9th to 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour. The classic definition, by François Louis Ganshof (1944),François Louis Ganshof (1944). ''Qu'est-ce que la féodalité''. Translated into English by Philip Grierson as ''Feudalism'', with a foreword by F. M. Stenton, 1st ed.: New York and London, 1952; 2nd ed: 1961; 3rd ed.: 1976. describes a set of reciprocal legal and Medieval warfare, military obligations of the warrior nobility and revolved around the key concepts of lords, vassals, and fiefs. A broader definition, as described by Marc Bloch (1939), includes not only the obligations of the warrior nobility but the obligations of all three estates of the realm: the nobility, the cl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Punishment
Punishment, commonly, is the imposition of an undesirable or unpleasant outcome upon an individual or group, meted out by an authority—in contexts ranging from child discipline to criminal law—as a deterrent to a particular action or behavior that is deemed undesirable. It is, however, possible to distinguish between various different understandings of what punishment is. The reasoning for punishment may be to condition a child to avoid self-endangerment, to impose social conformity (in particular, in the contexts of compulsory education or military discipline), to defend norms, to protect against future harms (in particular, those from violent crime), and to maintain the law—and respect for rule of law—under which the social group is governed. and violates the law or rules by which the group is governed. Punishment may be self-inflicted as with self-flagellation and mortification of the flesh in the religious setting, but is most often a form of socia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Death Penalty
Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty and formerly called judicial homicide, is the state-sanctioned killing of a person as punishment for actual or supposed misconduct. The sentence ordering that an offender be punished in such a manner is called a death sentence, and the act of carrying out the sentence is an execution. A prisoner who has been sentenced to death and awaits execution is ''condemned'' and is commonly referred to as being "on death row". Etymologically, the term ''capital'' (, derived via the Latin ' from ', "head") refers to execution by beheading, but executions are carried out by many methods, including hanging, shooting, lethal injection, stoning, electrocution, and gassing. Crimes that are punishable by death are known as ''capital crimes'', ''capital offences'', or ''capital felonies'', and vary depending on the jurisdiction, but commonly include serious crimes against a person, such as murder, assassination, mass murder, child ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flagellation
Flagellation (Latin , 'whip'), flogging or whipping is the act of beating the human body with special implements such as whips, Birching, rods, Switch (rod), switches, the cat o' nine tails, the sjambok, the knout, etc. Typically, flogging has been imposed on an unwilling subject as a punishment; however, it can also be submitted to willingly and even done by oneself in sadomasochistic or religious contexts. The strokes are typically aimed at the unclothed back of a person, though they can be administered to other areas of the body. For a moderated subform of flagellation, described as ''bastinado'', the soles of a person's barefoot, bare feet are used as a target for beating (see foot whipping). In some circumstances the word ''flogging'' is used loosely to include any sort of corporal punishment, including birching and caning. However, in British legal terminology, a distinction was drawn between ''flogging'' (with a cat o' nine tails) and ''whipping'' (formerly with a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Legal Action
In legal terminology, a complaint is any formal legal document that sets out the facts and legal reasons (see: cause of action) that the filing party or parties (the plaintiff(s)) believes are sufficient to support a claim against the party or parties against whom the claim is brought (the defendant(s)) that entitles the plaintiff(s) to a remedy (either money damages or injunctive relief). For example, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP) that govern civil litigation in United States courts provide that a civil action is commenced with the filing or service of a pleading called a complaint. Civil court rules in states that have incorporated the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure use the same term for the same pleading. In Civil Law, a "complaint" is the first formal action taken to officially begin a lawsuit. This written document contains the allegations against the defense, the specific laws violated, the facts that led to the dispute, and any demands made by t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
