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Structural Inequality
Structural inequality occurs when the fabric of organizations, institutions, governments or social networks contains an embedded cultural, linguistic, economic, religious/belief, physical or identity based bias which provides advantages for some members and marginalizes or produces disadvantages for other members. This can involve, personal agency, freedom of expression, property rights, freedom of association, religious freedom, social status, or unequal access to health care, housing, education, physical, cultural, social, religious or political belief, financial resources or other social opportunities. Structural inequality is believed to be an embedded part of all known cultural groups. The global history of slavery, serfdom, indentured servitude and other forms of coerced cultural or government mandated labour or economic exploitation that marginalizes individuals and the subsequent suppression of human rights (see UDHR) are key factors defining structural inequality. S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Freedom Of Expression
Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or legal sanction. The rights, right to freedom of expression has been recognised as a Human rights, human right in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and international human rights law. Many countries have constitutional law that protects free speech. Terms like ''free speech'', ''freedom of speech,'' and ''freedom of expression'' are used interchangeably in political discourse. However, in a legal sense, the freedom of expression includes any activity of seeking, receiving, and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used. Article 19 of the UDHR states that "everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference" and "everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas of all kinds, re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Standardized Test
A standardized test is a Test (assessment), test that is administered and scored in a consistent or standard manner. Standardized tests are designed in such a way that the questions and interpretations are consistent and are administered and scored in a predetermined, standard manner. A standardized test is administered and scored uniformly for all test takers. Any test in which the same test is given in the same manner to all test takers, and graded in the same manner for everyone, is a standardized test. Standardized tests do not need to be high-stakes tests, time-limited tests, Multiple-choice test, multiple-choice tests, academic tests, or tests given to large numbers of test takers. Standardized tests can take various forms, including written, Oral test, oral, or Performance test (assessment), practical test. The standardized test may evaluate many subjects, including driving test, driving, Creativity test, creativity, Fitness test, athleticism, Personality test, personality, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gentrification
Gentrification is the process whereby the character of a neighborhood changes through the influx of more Wealth, affluent residents (the "gentry") and investment. There is no agreed-upon definition of gentrification. In public discourse, it has been used to describe a wide array of phenomena, sometimes in a pejorative connotation. Gentrification is a common and controversial topic in urban politics and urban planning, planning. Gentrification often increases the Value (economics), economic value of a neighborhood, but can be controversial due to changing Demography, demographic composition and potential displacement of incumbent residents. Gentrification is more likely when there is an undersupply of housing and rising home values in a metropolitan area. The gentrification process is typically the result of increasing attraction to an area by people with higher incomes spilling over from neighboring cities, towns, or neighborhoods. Further steps are increased Socially responsib ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Community Reinvestment Act
The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA, P.L. 95-128, 91 Stat. 1147, title VIII of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1977, ''et seq.'') is a United States federal law designed to encourage commercial banks and savings associations to help meet the needs of borrowers in all segments of their communities, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods.Text of Housing and Community Development Act of 1977 — Title VIII (Community Reinvestment) Congress passed the Act in 1977 to reduce discriminatory credit practices against low-income neighborhoods, a practice known as |
Home Mortgage Disclosure Act
The Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (or HMDA, pronounced ) is a United States federal law that requires certain financial institutions to provide mortgage data to the public. Congress enacted HMDA in 1975. Purposes HMDA grew out of public concern over credit shortages in certain urban neighborhoods. Congress believed that some financial institutions had contributed to the decline of some geographic areas by their failure to provide adequate home financing to qualified applicants on reasonable terms and conditions. Thus, one purpose of HMDA and Regulation C is to provide the public with information that will help show whether financial institutions are serving the housing credit needs of the neighborhoods and communities in which they are located. A second purpose is to aid public officials in targeting public investments from the private sector to areas where they are needed. Finally, the FIRREA amendments of 1989 require the collection and disclosure of data about applicant and bor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fair Housing
A fair (archaic: faire or fayre) is a gathering of people for a variety of entertainment or commercial activities. Fairs are typically temporary with scheduled times lasting from an afternoon to several weeks. Fairs showcase a wide range of goods, products, and services, and often include competitions, exhibitions, and educational activities. Fairs can be thematic, focusing on specific industries or interests. Types Variations of fairs include: * Art fairs, including art exhibitions and arts festivals * Book Fairs in communities and schools provide an opportunity for readers, writers, publishers to come together and celebrate literature. * County fair (US) or county show (UK), a public agricultural show exhibiting the equipment, animals, sports and recreation associated with agriculture and animal husbandry. * Festival, an event ordinarily coordinated with a theme e.g. music, art, season, tradition, history, ethnicity, religion, or a national holiday. * Health fair, an event ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Douglas Massey
Douglas Steven Massey (born October 5, 1952) is an American sociologist. Massey is currently a professor of sociology at the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University and is an adjunct professor of sociology at the University of Pennsylvania. Massey specializes in the sociology of immigration, and has written on the effect of residential segregation on the black underclass in the United States. He has been president of the Population Association of America, the American Sociological Association and the American Academy of Political and Social Science. He is a co-editor of the '' Annual Review of Sociology''. Academia Massey received his Bachelor of Arts in Sociology, Psychology, and Spanish, from Western Washington University in 1974. In 1977 he received a Master of Arts in Sociology from Princeton University, and a PhD in 1978. He was a Guggenheim fellow in 1990–1991. Douglas S. Massey is the founder and co-director of the Latin Ameri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Redlining
Redlining is a Discrimination, discriminatory practice in which financial services are withheld from neighborhoods that have significant numbers of Race (human categorization), racial and Ethnic group, ethnic minorities. Redlining has been most prominent in the United States, and has mostly been directed against African Americans, as well as Mexican Americans in the Southwestern United States. The most common examples involve denial of credit and insurance, denial of Race and health, healthcare, and the development of food deserts in Minority group, minority neighborhoods. Reverse redlining occurs when a Creditor, lender or insurer targets Majority minority, majority-minority neighborhood residents with inflated interest rates by taking advantage of the lack of lending competition relative to non-redlined neighborhoods. The effect also emerges when service providers Artificial scarcity, artificially restrict the Real estate economics#Supply of housing, supply of real estate ava ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Federal Housing Administration
The Federal Housing Administration (FHA), also known as the Office of Housing within the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), is a Independent agencies of the United States government, United States government agency founded by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, established in part by the National Housing Act of 1934. Its primary function is to provide Mortgage insurance, insurance for mortgages originated by private lenders for various types of properties, including single-family homes, multifamily rental properties, hospitals, and residential care facilities. FHA mortgage insurance serves to safeguard these private lenders from financial losses. In the event that a property owner Default (finance), defaults on their mortgage, FHA steps in to compensate the lender for the outstanding principal balance. Under this insurance arrangement, lenders assume a diminished level of risk, thereby allowing them to offer a larger number of mortgages. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Racial Steering
Racial steering refers to the practice in which real estate brokers guide prospective home buyers towards or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race. The term is used in the context of ''de facto'' residential segregation in the United States, and is often divided into two broad classes of conduct: # Advising customers to purchase homes in particular neighborhoods on the basis of race. # Failing, on the basis of race, to show, or to inform buyers of homes that meet their specifications. Overview Historically the United States has been defined by racially segregated neighborhoods.Thomas, June Manning "Planning History and the Black Urban Experience: Linkages and Contemporary Implications" ''Journal of Planning Education and Research'' Vol. 14 No. 1 (1994) 1 – 11. Urban planning up to the 1960s has been documented as one of the causes of this phenomenon. Urban planners have been seen to have practiced early forms of racial steering. Through the use of the restrict ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Institutionalized Discrimination
Institutional discrimination is discriminatory treatment of an individual or group of individuals by institutions, through unequal consideration of members of subordinate groups. Societal discrimination is discrimination by society. These unfair and indirect methods of discrimination are often embedded in an institution's policies, procedures, laws, and objectives. The discrimination can be on grounds of gender, caste, race, ethnicity, religion, disability, or socio-economic status. State religions are a form of societal discrimination. Institutional racism Institutional racism (also known as systemic racism) is a form of institutional discrimination applied to race and considered a form of racism that is embedded as normal practice within an institution. It can lead to such issues as discrimination in criminal justice, employment, housing, health care, political power, and education, among other issues. The term "institutional racism" was first coined in 1967 by Stokely Car ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
White Flight
The white flight, also known as white exodus, is the sudden or gradual large-scale migration of white people from areas becoming more racially or ethnoculturally diverse. Starting in the 1950s and 1960s, the terms became popular in the Racism in the United States, United States. They referred to the large-scale migration of European American, people of European ancestry from racially mixed urban regions to more racially homogeneous suburban or exurban regions. The term has more recently been applied to other migrations by white American, whites from older, inner suburbs to rural areas, as well as from the American Northeastern United States, Northeast and Midwestern United States, Midwest to the milder climate in the Southeastern United States, Southeast and Southwestern United States, Southwest. The term 'white flight' has also been used for large-scale Decolonization, post-colonial emigration of White Africans of European ancestry, whites from Africa, or parts of that contine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
