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Stop-motion
Stop-motion (also known as stop frame animation) is an animation, animated filmmaking and special effects technique in which objects are physically manipulated in small increments between individually photographed frames so that they will appear to exhibit independent motion or change when the series of frames is played back. Any kind of object can thus be animated, but puppets with movable joints (puppet animation) or clay figures (claymation) are most commonly used. Puppets, models or clay figures built around an Armature (sculpture), armature are used in model animation. Stop motion with live actors is often referred to as pixilation. Stop motion of flat materials such as paper, fabrics or photographs is usually called cutout animation. Terminology The term "stop-motion", relating to the animation technique, is often spelled without a hyphen as "stop motion"—either standalone or as a compound modifier. Both orthographic variants, with and without the hyphen, are correct, b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Claymation
Claymation, sometimes called clay animation or plasticine animation, is one of many forms of stop-motion animation. Each animated piece, either character or background, is "deformable"—made of a malleable substance, usually plasticine clay. Traditional animation, from cel animation to stop motion, is produced by recording each frame, or still picture, on film or digital media and then playing the recorded frames back in rapid succession before the viewer. These and other moving images, from zoetrope to films and video games, create the illusion of motion by playing back at over ten to twelve frame rate, frames per second. Technique Each object or character is sculpted from clay or other such similarly pliable material as plasticine, usually around a wire skeleton, called an armature, and then arranged on the set, where it is photographed once before being slightly moved by hand to prepare it for the next shot, and so on until the animator has achieved the desired amount ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Animation
Animation is a filmmaking technique whereby still images are manipulated to create moving images. In traditional animation, images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited on film. Animation has been recognised as an artistic medium, specifically within the entertainment industry. Many animations are either traditional animations or computer animations made with computer-generated imagery (CGI). Stop motion animation, in particular claymation, has continued to exist alongside these other forms. Animation is contrasted with live action, although the two do not exist in isolation. Many moviemakers have produced films that are a hybrid of the two. As CGI increasingly approximates photographic imagery, filmmakers can easily composite 3D animations into their film rather than using practical effects for showy visual effects (VFX). General overview Computer animation can be very detailed 3D animation, while 2D c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Time Lapse
Time-lapse photography is a technique in which the frequency at which film frames are captured (the frame rate) is much lower than the frequency used to view the sequence. When played at normal speed, time appears to be moving faster and thus ''lapsing''. For example, an image of a scene may be captured at 1 frame per second but then played back at 30 frames per second; the result is an apparent 30 times speed increase. Processes that would normally appear subtle and slow to the human eye, such as the motion of the sun and stars in the sky or the growth of a plant, become very pronounced. Time-lapse is the extreme version of the cinematography technique of undercranking. Stop motion animation is a comparable technique; a subject that does not actually move, such as a puppet, can repeatedly be moved manually by a small distance and photographed. Then, the photographs can be played back as a film at a speed that shows the subject appearing to move. Conversely, film can be pla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charles Wheatstone
Sir Charles Wheatstone (; 6 February 1802 – 19 October 1875) was an English physicist and inventor best known for his contributions to the development of the Wheatstone bridge, originally invented by Samuel Hunter Christie, which is used to measure an unknown electrical resistance, and as a major figure in the development of telegraphy. His other contributions include the English concertina, the stereoscope (a device for displaying three-dimensional images) and the Playfair cipher (an encryption technique). Life Charles Wheatstone was born in Barnwood, Gloucestershire. His father, W. Wheatstone, was a music-seller in the town, who moved to 128 Pall Mall, London, four years later, becoming a teacher of the flute. Charles, the second son, went to a village school, near Gloucester, and afterwards to several institutions in London. One of them was in Kennington, and kept by a Mrs. Castlemaine, who was astonished at his rapid progress. From another he ran away, but was captured ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Étienne-Jules Marey
Étienne-Jules Marey (; 5 March 1830, Beaune, Côte-d'Or – 15 May 1904, Paris) was a French scientist, physiologist and chronophotographer. His work was significant in the development of cardiology, physical instrumentation, aviation, cinematography and the science of laboratory photography. He is widely considered to be a pioneer of photography and an influential pioneer of the history of cinema. He was also a pioneer in establishing a variety of graphical techniques for the display and interpretation of quantitative data from physiological measurement. Biography Marey started by studying blood circulation in the human body. Then he shifted to analyzing heart beats, respiration, muscles (myography), and movement of the body. To aid his studies he developed many instruments for precise measurements. For example, in 1859, in collaboration with the physiologist Auguste Chauveau and the watch manufacturer Breguet, he developed a wearable ''Sphygmograph'' to measure the puls ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cinematography
Cinematography () is the art of motion picture (and more recently, electronic video camera) photography. Cinematographers use a lens (optics), lens to focus reflected light from objects into a real image that is transferred to some image sensor or Photographic film, light-sensitive material inside the movie camera. These Exposure (photography), exposures are created sequentially and preserved for later processing and viewing as a motion picture. Capturing images with an electronic image sensor produces an Charge-coupled device, electrical charge for each pixel in the image, which is Video processing, electronically processed and stored in a video file for subsequent processing or display. Images captured with photographic emulsion result in a series of invisible latent images on the film stock, which are chemically "Photographic developer, developed" into a Positive (photography), visible image. The images on the film stock are Movie projector, projected for viewing in the sam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
YouTube
YouTube is an American social media and online video sharing platform owned by Google. YouTube was founded on February 14, 2005, by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim who were three former employees of PayPal. Headquartered in San Bruno, California, it is the second-most-visited website in the world, after Google Search. In January 2024, YouTube had more than 2.7billion monthly active users, who collectively watched more than one billion hours of videos every day. , videos were being uploaded to the platform at a rate of more than 500 hours of content per minute, and , there were approximately 14.8billion videos in total. On November 13, 2006, YouTube was purchased by Google for $1.65 billion (equivalent to $ billion in ). Google expanded YouTube's business model of generating revenue from advertisements alone, to offering paid content such as movies and exclusive content produced by and for YouTube. It also offers YouTube Premium, a paid subs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Janssen Revolver
The Janssen revolver () was invented by the French astronomer Pierre Jules César Janssen in 1874. It was the instrument that originated chronophotography, a branch of photography based on capturing movement from a sequence of images. To create the apparatus Pierre Janssen was inspired by the revolving cylinder of Samuel Colt's revolver. Usage The revolver used two discs and a sensitive plate, the first with twelve holes ( shutter) and the second with only one, on the plate. The first one would take a full turn every eighteen seconds, so that each time a shutter window passed in front of the window of the second (fixed) disk, the sensitive plate was discovered in the corresponding portion of its surface, creating an image. In order for the images not to overlap, the sensitive plate rotated with a quarter of the shutter speed. The Shutter Speed was one and a half seconds. A mirror on the outside of the apparatus reflected the movement of the object towards the lens that was loc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Passage De Vénus
''Passage de Vénus'' is a series of photographs of the transit of the planet Venus across the Sun on 9 December 1874. They were purportedly taken in Japan by the French astronomer Jules Janssen and Brazilian engineer Francisco Antônio de Almeida using Janssen's ' photographic revolver'. It is the oldest "film" listed on both IMDb and Letterboxd. A 2005 study of the surviving material concluded that all the extant plates made with the photographic revolver are practice plates shot with a model, and if any of the many plates successfully exposed during the eclipse have survived, their whereabouts are unknown. Subject of the photos – 1874 transit of Venus The 1874 transit of Venus, which took place on 9 December 1874 (01:49 to 06:26 UTC), was the first of the pair of transits of Venus that took place in the 19th century, with the second transit occurring eight years later in 1882. The previous pair of transits had taken place in 1761 and 1769, and the next pair would ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jules Janssen
Pierre Jules César Janssen (22 February 1824 – 23 December 1907), usually known as Jules Janssen, was a French astronomer who, along with English scientist Joseph Norman Lockyer, is credited with discovering the gaseous nature of the solar chromosphere, but there is no justification for the conclusion that he deserves credit for the co-discovery of the element helium. Life, work, and interests Janssen was born in Paris (During Bourbon Restoration in France) into a cultivated family. His father, César Antoine Janssen (born in Paris, 1780 – 1860) was a well known clarinettist from Dutch/Belgian descent (his father, Christianus Janssen, emigrated from Walloon Brabant to Paris). His mother Pauline Marie Le Moyne (1789 – 1871) was a daughter of the architect Paul Guillaume Le Moyne. Pierre Janssen studied mathematics and physics at the faculty of sciences. He taught at the Lycée Charlemagne in 1853, and in the school of architecture 1865 – 1871, but his energies were ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1862 International Exhibition
The International Exhibition of 1862, officially the London International Exhibition of Industry and Art, also known as the Great London Exposition, was a world's fair held from 1 May to 1 November 1862 in South Kensington, London, England. The site now houses museums including the Natural History Museum, London, Natural History Museum and the Science Museum (London), Science Museum. Background and overview After the Great Exhibition, held in 1851, had proven to be a huge success, the British Government planned another world's fair, international exhibition that would surpass both this one and the 1855 Paris Exposition, larger in both size and scale. The intention was to showcase the advances which had since been made in industry, technology, and arts. It was intended to be held in 1861, but was delayed owing to various international events, including the Italian War of Independence and American Civil War (which caused a shortage of cotton, among other things). The exposition, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peter Hubert Desvignes
Peter Hubert Desvignes (born 29 April 1804, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire; died 27 December 1883 at Hither Green (today Lewisham), Kent, England) was a civil engineer, architect, and inventor. While working for Aloys II, Prince of Liechtenstein, Desvignes oversaw the renovation and reconstruction of the Liechtenstein family seat in Austria. He is credited with inventing early versions of the spirograph and the zoetrope. Biography Beginning in 1823 he trained under William Atkinson at the Royal Academy in London. While a student he was awarded, by The Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures & Commerce, the Silver Isis Medal for his drawing of a Corinthian capital, as well as the Silver Palette prize for the drawing of a bust. In 1835 Desvignes took part in the architectural contest for the design of the Houses of Parliament. In 1836, he met (likely in London) Aloys II, Prince of Liechtenstein; the following year he moved to Vienna to begin a long stint as archit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
