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Stephen Pateran
Stephen Pateranos was a Byzantine general who served as the final Catepan of Italy. By 1071, the Catepanate of Italy was severely reduced, with only a few holdings left and their capital besieged by the Normans. According to the '' Anonymus Barensis'', Romanos IV, the reigning Byzantine Emperor, sent twenty ships under command of Joscelin of Molfetta, a Norman rebel, along with Pateranos, to relieve Bari. However, the Normans intercepted and scattered the fleet off the coast of Bari, and captured the ship carrying Joscelin, though Stephen was able to reach the city. Stephen realized that defense of the city was impossible, and sent Argyritzos Argyritzos (fl. 1071–81) was one of the leading citizens of Bari during the final years of Byzantine rule. He held the rank of ''protospatharios'' under the empire.Alessandro Pratesi"Argirizzo di Giovannacio" ''Dizionario Biografico degli Italian ..., a local noble, to offer peace. The Normans accepted peace, and Bari surrendered. Stephen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Byzantine
The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centred on Constantinople during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Having survived the events that caused the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th centuryAD, it endured until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. The term 'Byzantine Empire' was coined only after its demise; its citizens used the term 'Roman Empire' and called themselves 'Romans'. During the early centuries of the Roman Empire, the western provinces were Latinised, but the eastern parts kept their Hellenistic culture. Constantine I () legalised Christianity and moved the capital to Constantinople. Theodosius I () made Christianity the state religion and Greek gradually replaced Latin for official use. The empire adopted a defensive strategy and, throughout its remaining history, experienced recurring cycles of decline and recovery. It reached its greatest extent un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catepanate Of Italy
The Catepanate of Italy (, ''Katepaníkion Italías'') was a province ('' theme'') of the Byzantine Empire, that existed from c. 965 until 1071. It was headed by a governor (''katepano'') with both civil and military powers. At its greatest extent, it comprised mainland Italy south of a line drawn from Monte Gargano to the Gulf of Salerno. North of that line, Amalfi and Naples also maintained allegiance to Byzantine Emperors through the ''katepano''. The Italian region of '' Capitanata'' derives its name from the term '' katepanikion'' (a province under the jurisdiction of ''katepano''). History Following the fall of the Exarchate of Ravenna in 751, the remaining jurisdictions of the Byzantine Italy, from the Byzantine Venetia at the north, to the Theme of Sicily at the south, entered a period of decline that lasted until the accession of Basil I (reigned 867–886) to the throne of Constantinople. From 868 on, the imperial fleet and Byzantine diplomats were employed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Siege Of Bari
The siege of Bari took place 1068–1071, during the Middle Ages, when Norman forces, under the command of Robert Guiscard, laid siege to the city of Bari, a major stronghold of the Byzantines in Italy and the capital of the Catepanate of Italy, starting from 5 August 1068. Bari was captured on 16 April 1071 when Robert Guiscard entered the city, ending not only more than five centuries of Byzantine presence in Southern Italy but also ancient Roman control since the Roman expansion in Italy in the 3rd century BCE. History Background By 1060, only a few coastal cities in Apulia were still in Byzantine hands: during the previous few decades, the Normans had increased their possessions in southern Italy and now aimed to the complete expulsion of the Byzantines from the peninsula before concentrating on the conquest of Sicily, then mostly under Islamic domination. Large military units were thus called from Sicily and under Count Geoffrey of Conversano laid siege to Otranto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Normans
The Normans (Norman language, Norman: ''Normaunds''; ; ) were a population arising in the medieval Duchy of Normandy from the intermingling between Norsemen, Norse Viking settlers and locals of West Francia. The Norse settlements in West Francia followed a series of raids on the French northern coast mainly from what is now Denmark, although some also sailed from Norway and Sweden. These settlements were finally legitimized when Rollo, a Scandinavian Vikings, Viking leader, agreed to swear fealty to Charles the Simple, King Charles III of West Francia following the Siege of Chartres (911), siege of Chartres in 911, leading to the formation of the ''County of Rouen''. This new fief, through kinship in the decades to come, would expand into what came to be known as the ''Duchy of Normandy''. The Norse settlers, whom the region as well as its inhabitants were named after, adopted the language, Christianity, religion, culture, social customs and military, martial doctrine of the Wes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anonymus Barensis
''Anonymi Barensis Chronicon'' is a medieval Italian annalistic chronicle. Composed in Latin by an anonymous author from Bari in the first quarter of the 12th century, it covers the years 855–1118, concentrating first and foremost on the events in Bari and Apulia. The First Crusade is followed in some detail, however, as are the Byzantine affairs. ''Anonymi Barensis Chronicon'' has much content in common with two other Bariot chronicles, ''Annales Barenses'' and, especially, ''Annales Lupi Protospatharii'' (with which it also shares the beginning). Therefore, all three are assumed to be based on some older chronicle that no longer survives. The ''Chronicon'' becomes more detailed from the 1040s on, also diverging in coverage from the other chronicles. No medieval copy of ''Anonymi Barensis Chronicon'' is known. The survival of the chronicle is due to the 17th-century Italian historian Camillo Pellegrino who transcribed the text from a manuscript in Salerno and published it in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Romanos IV Diogenes
Romanos IV Diogenes (; – ) was Byzantine emperor from 1068 to 1071. Determined to halt the decline of the Byzantine military and to stop Turkish incursions into the empire, he is nevertheless best known for his defeat and capture in 1071 at the Battle of Manzikert, which played a major role in undermining Byzantine authority in Anatolia and allowed for its gradual Turkification. Son of the general Constantine Diogenes and a prominent member of the Cappadocian Greek military aristocracy, Romanos rose to fame as a successful Akritai commander, serving in Syria and on the Danubian frontier. In 1068, he was crowned Byzantine emperor following his marriage to the dowager empress Eudokia Makrembolitissa. Early in his reign, Romanos campaigned with limited success against the Seljuk Turks in Anatolia and Syria. Domestically, his rule was marked by a series of unpopular policies as well as clashes with the rival Doukas family. In 1071, Romanos undertook another major campaign aga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joscelin Of Molfetta
Joscelin (or Jocelyn) was a Norman count of Molfetta on the Adriatic coast of southern Italy. He rejected the leadership of Duke Robert Guiscard and rebelled, perhaps as early as 1064, certainly by 1067. Defeated, he went over the Byzantines in 1068. There is some evidence Joscelin was given a command in Greece. In 1071, he led a fleet to relieve the Norman siege of Bari but was intercepted and captured. He ended his life in captivity. Through his daughter, name unknown, his descendants continued to rule Molfetta into the next century. Early career The Old French translator of Amatus of Montecassino">-4; we might wonder whether there's a point at which it's appropriate to talk of the beginnings of French, that is, when it wa ... translator of Amatus of Montecassino calls him ''Gazoline de la Blace''. Geoffrey Malaterra calls him ''Gocelinus de Orencho'', which may mean that he belonged to the Hareng family. He has even been identified with a certain Joscelin de Hareng, who preven ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Argyritzos
Argyritzos (fl. 1071–81) was one of the leading citizens of Bari during the final years of Byzantine rule. He held the rank of ''protospatharios'' under the empire.Alessandro Pratesi"Argirizzo di Giovannacio" ''Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani'', Vol. 4 (Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 1962). His father was named Ioannakes.Argyritzos 10101 at the ''''. When the besieged Bari in 1068–71, Argyritzos led the f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perenos
Leo Perenos (Greek language, Greek: Λέων Περενός) was a Byzantine Empire, Byzantine governor (''dux, doux'') of Dyrrhachium (theme), Dyrrhachium, and the penultimate Catepanate of Italy, Catepan of Italy. In April 1064, as the ''doux'' of Dyrrhachium, Perenos provided military and financial aid to Robert, Count of Montescaglioso, Robert, the Norman Count of Mentescaglioso, who was revolting against his uncle, Duke Robert Guiscard of the County of Apulia and Calabria, Apulia and Calabria. In 1068, the incumbent Catepan of Italy, Abulchares, died. Perenos was appointed as his replacement. The capital of the Catepanate, Bari, Siege of Bari, had been besieged by the Normans. However, Perenos could not provide a relief mission, as he was unable to cross the sea. SourcesLeon (20276) Perenos, doux of Italy ''Prosopography of the Byzantine World''. * 11th-century catepans of Italy Byzantine governors of Dyrrhachium Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Norman wars ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catepan Of Italy
The Catepanate of Italy (, ''Katepaníkion Italías'') was a province ('' theme'') of the Byzantine Empire, that existed from c. 965 until 1071. It was headed by a governor (''katepano'') with both civil and military powers. At its greatest extent, it comprised mainland Italy south of a line drawn from Monte Gargano to the Gulf of Salerno. North of that line, Amalfi and Naples also maintained allegiance to Byzantine Emperors through the ''katepano''. The Italian region of '' Capitanata'' derives its name from the term '' katepanikion'' (a province under the jurisdiction of ''katepano''). History Following the fall of the Exarchate of Ravenna in 751, the remaining jurisdictions of the Byzantine Italy, from the Byzantine Venetia at the north, to the Theme of Sicily at the south, entered a period of decline that lasted until the accession of Basil I (reigned 867–886) to the throne of Constantinople. From 868 on, the imperial fleet and Byzantine diplomats were employed in an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Norman Conquest Of Southern Italy
The Norman conquest of southern Italy lasted from 999 to 1194, involving many battles and independent conquerors. In 1130, the territories in southern Italy united as the Kingdom of Sicily, which included the island of Sicily, the southern third of the Italian Peninsula (including Benevento, which was briefly held twice), the archipelago of Malta, and parts of North Africa. Itinerant Norman forces arrived in southern Italy as mercenaries in the service of Lombard and Byzantine factions, communicating swiftly back home news about opportunities in the Mediterranean. These groups gathered in several places, establishing fiefdoms and states of their own, uniting and elevating their status to ''de facto'' independence within 50 years of their arrival. Unlike the Norman Conquest of England (1066), which took a few years after one decisive battle, the conquest of southern Italy was the product of decades and a number of battles, few decisive. Many territories were conquered indep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
11th-century Catepans Of Italy
The 11th century is the period from 1001 (represented by the Roman numerals MI) through 1100 (MC) in accordance with the Julian calendar, and the 1st century of the 2nd millennium. In the history of Europe, this period is considered the early part of the High Middle Ages. There was, after a brief ascendancy, a sudden decline of Byzantine power and a rise of Norman domination over much of Europe, along with the prominent role in Europe of notably influential popes. Christendom experienced a formal schism in this century which had been developing over previous centuries between the Latin West and Byzantine East, causing a split in its two largest denominations to this day: Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. In Song dynasty China and the classical Islamic world, this century marked the high point for both classical Chinese civilization, science and technology, and classical Islamic science, philosophy, technology and literature. Rival political factions at the Song dynast ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
