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Stefan Ritt
Stefan Ritt is a German physicist and head of the muon physics group at the Paul Scherrer Institute, Aargau, Switzerland. He is member of the MEG experiment and co-spokesperson of the Mu3e experiment. He is best known for the development of the DRS4 Switched Capacitor Array Chip, as primary author of the MIDAS Data Acquisition System and as author of the ELOG Electronic Logbook. He is co-author of two patents related to Switched Capacitor Array Circuits and their calibration. In addition Ritt is an active member of the IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society, where he is a Distinguished Lecturer and was Society President 2017-2018. Awards * Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers , the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is an American 501(c)(3) public charity professional organization for electrical engineering, electronics engineering, and ot ... (IEEE) in 2016 for '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pforzheim, Germany
Pforzheim () is a List of cities and towns in Germany, city of over 125,000 inhabitants in the federal state of Baden-Württemberg, in the southwest of Germany. It is known for its jewelry and watch-making industry, and as such has gained the nickname "Goldstadt" ("Golden City"). With an area of , it is situated about halfway between the cities of Stuttgart and Karlsruhe at the confluence of three rivers (Enz, Nagold (river), Nagold and Würm (Nagold), Würm). It marks the frontier between Baden and Württemberg, being located on Baden territory. From 1535 to 1565, it was the home to the Margraviate of Baden-Durlach, Margraves of Baden-Durlach. The City of Pforzheim is a ''Districts of Germany, Stadtkreis'', meaning it is both a Municipalities of Germany, municipality and a Districts of Germany, district at the same time. Also, it hosts the administrative offices of the Enz (district), Enz district that surrounds the city. During World War II, Pforzheim was bombed by the Allie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Germany
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total population of over 84 million in an area of , making it the most populous member state of the European Union. It borders Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west. The Capital of Germany, nation's capital and List of cities in Germany by population, most populous city is Berlin and its main financial centre is Frankfurt; the largest urban area is the Ruhr. Settlement in the territory of modern Germany began in the Lower Paleolithic, with various tribes inhabiting it from the Neolithic onward, chiefly the Celts. Various Germanic peoples, Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Germans
Germans (, ) are the natives or inhabitants of Germany, or sometimes more broadly any people who are of German descent or native speakers of the German language. The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, constitution of Germany, implemented in 1949 following the end of World War II, defines a German as a German nationality law, German citizen. During the 19th and much of the 20th century, discussions on German identity were dominated by concepts of a common language, culture, descent, and history.. "German identity developed through a long historical process that led, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, to the definition of the German nation as both a community of descent (Volksgemeinschaft) and shared culture and experience. Today, the German language is the primary though not exclusive criterion of German identity." Today, the German language is widely seen as the primary, though not exclusive, criterion of German identity. Estimates on the total number of Germ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paul Scherrer Institute
The Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) is a multi-disciplinary research institute for natural and engineering sciences in Switzerland. It is located in the Canton of Aargau in the municipalities Villigen and Würenlingen on either side of the River Aare, and covers an area over 35 hectares in size. Like ETH Zurich and EPFL, PSI belongs to the ETH Domain of the Swiss Confederation. The PSI employs around 3000 people. It conducts basic and applied research in the fields of matter and materials, human health, and energy and the environment. About 37% of PSI's research activities focus on material sciences, 24% on life sciences, 19% on general energy, 11% on nuclear energy and safety, and 9% on particle physics. PSI develops, builds and operates large and complex research facilities and makes them available to the national and international scientific communities. In 2017, for example, more than 2,500 researchers from 60 different countries came to PSI to take advantage of the co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Particle Physics
Particle physics or high-energy physics is the study of Elementary particle, fundamental particles and fundamental interaction, forces that constitute matter and radiation. The field also studies combinations of elementary particles up to the scale of protons and neutrons, while the study of combinations of protons and neutrons is called nuclear physics. The fundamental particles in the universe are classified in the Standard Model as fermions (matter particles) and bosons (force-carrying particles). There are three Generation (particle physics), generations of fermions, although ordinary matter is made only from the first fermion generation. The first generation consists of Up quark, up and down quarks which form protons and neutrons, and electrons and electron neutrinos. The three fundamental interactions known to be mediated by bosons are electromagnetism, the weak interaction, and the strong interaction. Quark, Quarks cannot exist on their own but form hadrons. Hadrons that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lepton Number
In particle physics, lepton number (historically also called lepton charge) is a conserved quantum number representing the difference between the number of leptons and the number of antileptons in an elementary particle reaction. Lepton number is an additive quantum number, so its sum is preserved in interactions (as opposed to multiplicative quantum numbers such as parity, where the product is preserved instead). The lepton number L is defined by L = n_\ell - n_, where * n_\ell \quad is the number of leptons and * n_ \quad is the number of antileptons. Lepton number was introduced in 1953 to explain the absence of reactions such as : in the Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment, which instead observed : . This process, inverse beta decay, conserves lepton number, as the incoming antineutrino has lepton number −1, while the outgoing positron (antielectron) also has lepton number −1. Lepton flavor conservation In addition to lepton number, lepton fa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Karlsruhe
The Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT; ) is both a German public university, public research university in Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, and a research center of the Helmholtz Association. KIT was created in 2009 when the University of Karlsruhe (), founded in 1825 as a public research university and also known as the "Fridericiana", merged with the Karlsruhe Research Center (), which had originally been established in 1956 as a national nuclear research center (, or KfK). KIT is thus the first and only institution in Germany to overcome the division of the German scientific and research landscape into academic and non-academic institutions in the form of a merger of two different types of institutions. KIT is a member of the TU9, an incorporated society of the largest and most notable German institutes of technology. As part of the German Universities Excellence Initiative KIT was one of three universities which were awarded excellence status in 2006. In the following "G ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maximum Integrated Data Acquisition System
MIDAS is a data acquisition package developed at the Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland, and TRIUMF, Canada. It was designed for particle detectors using CAMAC and VMEbus hardware. Description MIDAS (Maximum Integration Data Acquisition System) has been developed as a general purpose data acquisition system for small and medium scale experiments originally by Stefan Ritt in 1993, followed by Pierre-André Amaudruz in 1996. It is written in C and published under the GPL. The experiment complexity ranges from test systems, where a single PC is connected to CAMAC via a PC-CAMAC interface, to experiments with several front-end computers and analysis nodes. The system currently runs under Linux, Microsoft Windows, various versions of UNIX, VMS, VxWorks and MS-DOS and can be ported easily to virtually any operating system which supports TCP/IP sockets. A speed-optimized RPC layer is used for data exchange, with which sustained data rates of 980 kB/s (10BASE-T), 8.7 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mu To E Gamma
The Mu to E Gamma (MEG) is a particle physics experiment dedicated to measuring the decay of the muon into an electron and a photon, a decay mode which is heavily suppressed in the Standard Model by lepton flavour conservation, but enhanced in supersymmetry and grand unified theories. It is located at the Paul Scherrer Institute and began taking data September 2008. Results In May 2016 the MEG experiment published the world's leading upper limit on the branching ratio of this decay: :\Beta ( \mu^+ \to e^+ \gamma) < 4.2 \times 10^ at 90% confidence level, based on data collected in 2009–2013. This improved the MEG limit from the prior MEGA experiment by a factor of about 28. Apparatus MEG uses a continuous muon beam (3 × 107/s) incident on a plastic target. The decay is reconstructed to look for a back-to-back |
Mu3e
Mu3e is a particle physics experiment at the Paul Scherrer Institute, searching for decays of anti-muons (''Mu'') to an electron and two positrons (''3e''). This decay is extremely unlikely in the Standard Model of particle physics, as it changes the lepton number. Several new theories, especially supersymmetric ones, predict a much more frequent decay. Searching for this decay allows a test of these theories, even if they cannot be tested directly in other experiments like at the LHC. It has also been shown the experiment is sensitive to probe new light dark sector particles such as dark photon. Mu3e is constructed at the Paul Scherrer Institute. It is planned to create the world's most intense muon beam which will allow to analyze two billion decays per second. This rate is necessary to study more than 1016 muon decays in total. Important backgrounds are the decays \mu^+ \to e^+e^-e^+\bar\nu_e and \mu^+ \to e^+\bar\nu_e. To distinguish between signal and background, the detector ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
