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Stasys Nastopka
Stasys Nastopka (19 June 1881 – 19 October 1938) was a Lithuanian military officer during World War I and the Lithuanian Wars of Independence. Born into a Lithuanian peasant family, Nastopka graduated from Vilnius Military School and served in the Imperial Russian Army. During World War I, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel (podpolkovnik) and commanded the . In 1918, he returned to Lithuania and volunteered for its newly established Lithuanian Army. During the Lithuanian–Soviet War, he commanded the Separate Brigade that carried out the first organized Lithuanian offensive in April 1919 and the Panevėžys Group which pushed the Soviets across Daugava by August 1919. In October 1919, when West Russian Volunteer Army attacked Lithuania, Nastopka became the Chief of the Defence Staff (Lithuania), Chief of the General Staff and was promoted to lieutenant general. When Poland staged the Żeligowski's Mutiny in October 1920, Nastopka commanded the 1st Division which attempted ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughly one-sixth of the world's landmass, making it the list of largest empires, third-largest empire in history, behind only the British Empire, British and Mongol Empire, Mongol empires. It also Russian colonization of North America, colonized Alaska between 1799 and 1867. The empire's 1897 census, the only one it conducted, found a population of 125.6 million with considerable ethnic, linguistic, religious, and socioeconomic diversity. From the 10th to 17th centuries, the Russians had been ruled by a noble class known as the boyars, above whom was the tsar, an absolute monarch. The groundwork of the Russian Empire was laid by Ivan III (), who greatly expanded his domain, established a centralized Russian national state, and secured inde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lithuanian Evangelical Reformed Church
The Lithuanian Evangelical Reformed Church (; ; ) is a Calvinist denomination in Lithuania which uses a presbyterian polity. History The church was founded on December 14, 1557, during the Synod of Vilnius. The General Synod met annually in Lithuania from that date. Started with 2 and later grew to 6 district Synods. The church's Latin name is the ''Unitas Lithuaniae'' shortly ''UL''. It sent its representatives to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, the UL was an independent denomination. The parish network covered all parts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The first superintendent was Szymon Zacjusz. In 1565, the anti- trinitarian Lithuanian Brotherhood separated from the Calvinist church. In 1695, Samuelis Bitneris by the order of the Vilnius Synod began translating the New Testament into the Lithuanian language and completed the majority of this task. Bitneris was assisted by Jonas Božimovskis, while the translation for Lithuania Minor was adapted by P. Z. Šuster ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1st Infantry Regiment (Lithuania)
The 1st Infantry Regiment (), later the 1st Infantry Regiment of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas () was an infantry regiment that served in the Lithuanian Army during the interwar period. Formation was made the regiment's commander on 1 November 1918. The regiment began forming in Vilnius, although in a covert manner, because the occupying German authorities hampered the formation of the Lithuanian Army. So, the regiment officially began forming only on 23 November 1918. On December 7, the regiment included 31 officers and 59 soldiers. In ten days, the number gradually increased to 33 officers, 3 military officials (), military doctor L. Janulionis and 87 soldiers. Lithuanian–Soviet War By 11 February 1919, the regiment had 36 officers, 13 military officials, one military doctor and 678 soldiers. At the time, the regiment was divided into two battalions, with the first one, led by the officer , being composed of two infantry and one machine gun companies, while the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Republic and, from 1922, the Soviet Union. The army was established in January 1918 by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars to oppose the military forces of the new nation's adversaries during the Russian Civil War, especially the various groups collectively known as the White Army. In February 1946, the Red Army (which embodied the main component of the Soviet Armed Forces alongside the Soviet Navy) was renamed the "Soviet Army". Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union it was split between the post-Soviet states, with its bulk becoming the Russian Ground Forces, commonly considered to be the successor of the Soviet Army. The Red Army provided the largest land warfare, ground force in the Allies of World War II, Allied victory in the European theatre of World War II, and its Soviet invasion of Manchuria, invasion of Manchuria assisted the un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki
Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki (Iosif Romanovich while in the Russian military; sometimes also Dowbór-Muśnicki; ; 25 October 1867 – 26 October 1937) was a Polish general, serving with the Imperial Russian and then Polish armies. He was also the military commander of the Greater Poland Uprising. Early life Dowbor-Muśnicki was born in the Garbów (near Sandomierz) in an estate in the Radom Governorate of Congress Poland, the part of Poland that was then a part of the Russian Empire. His father was Roman Muśnicki, the owner of Garbów, descended from the Lithuanian Dowborów (Daubor) family ( Przyjaciel coat of arms), who settled in Sandomierz during the 17th century. Józef was the younger brother of Konstanty, also a lieutenant general. Their mother was Antonina née Wierzbicki. His family traced its roots to medieval Polish nobility of evangelical reformed denomination. Dowbor received his basic education in the Nikolayevskiy Cadet Corps (Saint Petersburg). Service in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish 1st Corps In Russia
1st Polish Corps in Russia (; ) was a military formation formed on 24 July 1917 in Minsk from Polish and Lithuanian personnel serving in the Western and Northern Fronts of the Russian Army. In the chaotic period at the end of World War I on the Eastern Front, the Polish I Corps fought against the Red Army, cooperated with the German Ober Ost forces in taking Minsk, and after acknowledging the Regency Council in May 1918, it surrendered to the German forces in Babruysk. The soldiers were given safe passage to Warsaw, where they became part of the newly created Polish Army. History Formation The corps was formed at the initiative of the Chief Polish Military Committee (''Naczelny Polski Komitet Wojskowy''), a Polish faction in the revolutionary and split Russian Empire military. Its goal was to defend Poles inhabiting parts of Poland under Russian partitions and support the formation of independent Poland. In the immediate aftermath of the February Revolution, the Russian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vitebsk
Vitebsk or Vitsyebsk (, ; , ; ) is a city in northern Belarus. It serves as the administrative center of Vitebsk Region and Vitebsk District, though it is administratively separated from the district. As of 2025, it has 358,927 inhabitants, making it the country's fourth-largest city. It is served by Vitebsk Vostochny Airport and Vitebsk Air Base. History Middle Ages Vitebsk developed from a river harbor where the Vićba River (Віцьба, from which it derives its name) flows into the larger Western Dvina, which is spanned in the city by the Kirov Bridge. Archaeological research indicates that Baltic tribes had settlements at the mouth of Vitba. In the 9th century, Slavic settlements of the tribal union of the Krivichs replaced them. According to the '' Chronicle of Michael Brigandine'' (1760), Princess Olga of Kiev founded Vitebsk (also recorded as Dbesk, Vidbesk, Videbsk, Vitepesk, or Vicibesk) in 974. Other versions give 947 or 914. Academician Boris Rybakov an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sloka, Latvia
Sloka is a residential area and neighbourhood of the city Jūrmala, Latvia. History Sloka is first mentioned in historical records in 1255 under the names ''Slock'' and ''Schlocken''. It developed as a fishing village at the river Slocene under the Livonian Order. During the 17th century the Duke of Courland established lime kilns, copper furnaces and a foundry in Sloka. As part of Courland, the village became Lutheran and the first church was built in 1567. The Sloka Station, Sloka railway station was established in 1877. Under Russian law, Sloka gained town rights in 1878. It existed as a separate town until 1959 when it was merged with Ķemeri and the Riga district of Jūrmala to form the Jūrmala, City of Jūrmala. JŪRMALA, Nature and Cultural Heritage, Ed. LaimaSlava, Neputns 2004, , pages 78-83 References External links Neighbourhoods in Jūrmala {{Vidzeme-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ķemeri
Ķemeri resort (originally ''Ķemeres'', also known as ''Kemmern'') is a part of Jūrmala in Latvia, 44 km from Riga. From 1928 to 1959, Ķemeri was a separate town, famous for healing mud baths and luxurious hotels. Approximately 2,200 inhabitants live there, while the main hotel is under reconstruction. History The name Ķemeri (''Kemmern'') first appears in written sources after the founding of the Dukedom of Courland in 1561. Documentary evidence indicates that the springs at Ķemeri first became known for their curative properties in 1796, the first chemical analysis of the spring water being performed in 1818. The residents of the nearby town of Sloka, Latvia, Sloka began to build houses for the patients. In 1825, the first public building was built for spa guests. ''Bad Kemmern'' was founded as a resort in 1838, when the emperor Nicholas I of Russia gave this land for building the first bath-house with mineral water. From then onwards people started to come here for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Penza
Penza (, ) is the largest types of inhabited localities in Russia, city and administrative center of Penza Oblast, Russia. It is located on the Sura (river), Sura River, southeast of Moscow. As of the 2010 Russian census, 2010 Census, Penza had a population of 517,311, making it the List of cities and towns in Russia by population, 36th-largest city in Russia. Etymology The city name is a hydronym and means in () from ''pen'' 'end of (genitive)' and ''sa(ra)'' 'swampy river'. Geography Urban layout This central quarter occupies the territory on which the wooden fortress Penza was once located, therefore it is sometimes called the Serf. The architectural concept of the old fortress, erected on the eastern slope of the mountain above the river, predetermined the direction of the first streets. The direction and location of the first streets were set by the passage towers of the fortress and the orientation of its walls. This is how the first six streets of the city were formed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Warsaw Fortress
Warsaw Fortress (, ) was a system of fortifications built in Warsaw, Poland during the 19th century when the city was part of the Russian Empire. The fortress belonged to a Western Russian fortresses, chain of fortresses built in Congress Poland and the region adjacent to it during this period. It was built in stages, with the first part, known as Warsaw Citadel, built the years 1832-1834, in the immediate aftermath of the November Uprising of 1830. This initial fortification was then continually improved by the addition of further forts in its vicinity, with the work finally completed in 1874.Lech Królikowski. ''Twierdza "Warszawa"''. Warsaw: Bellona, 1994. In 1879 the government of the Russian Empire decided to carry out a major expansion of the fortress, which would incorporate a system of large forts surrounding the whole city. 20 forts forming this new system were constructed between 1883 and 1890. There were plans to combine the Warsaw fortress with the nearby Modlin Fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
