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Stalag I-B
Stalag I-B Hohenstein was a German World War II German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II, prisoner-of-war camp located west of Hohenstein, East Prussia (now Olsztynek, Poland). The camp was partially located on the grounds of the Tannenberg Memorial and initially included a set of wooden structures intended to house World War I veterans during German Nazi festivities. Established in 1939 to house Polish people, Polish soldiers captured in the course of the Invasion of Poland, September Campaign, with time it was extended to house also Belgians, French prisoners of war in World War II, French, Italians, Italian, Serbs, Serbian and German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war, Soviet soldiers. Harsh conditions, malnutrition, maltreatment and recurring typhoid epidemics led to many deaths among the prisoners. Notably during the winter of 1941–42 roughly 25,000 people died there, mostly Soviet soldiers. It is estimated that altogether 650,000 people passed throug ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
East Prussia
East Prussia was a Provinces of Prussia, province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1772 to 1829 and again from 1878 (with the Kingdom itself being part of the German Empire from 1871); following World War I it formed part of the Weimar Republic's Free State of Prussia, until 1945. Its capital city was Königsberg (present-day Kaliningrad). East Prussia was the main part of the Prussia (region), region of Prussia along the southeastern Baltic Sea, Baltic Coast. The bulk of the ancestral lands of the Baltic Old Prussians were enclosed within East Prussia. During the 13th century, the native Prussians were conquered by the crusading Teutonic Knights. After the Northern Crusades, conquest the indigenous Balts were gradually converted to Christianity. Because of Germanization and colonisation over the following centuries, Germans became the dominant ethnic group, while Polish people, Poles and Lithuanians formed sizeable minorities. From the 13th century, the region of Prussia was part ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Prisoners Of War In World War II
Although no precise estimates exist, the number of French soldiers captured by Nazi Germany during the Battle of France between May and June 1940 is generally recognised around 1.8 million, equivalent to around 10 percent of the total adult male population of France at the time. After a brief period of captivity in France, most of the prisoners were deported to Germany. In Germany, prisoners were incarcerated in '' Stalag'' or ''Oflag'' prison camps, according to rank, but the vast majority were soon transferred to work details ('' Kommandos'') working in German agriculture or industry. Prisoners from the French colonial empire, however, remained in camps in France with poor living conditions as a result of Nazi racial ideologies. During negotiations for the Armistice of 22 June 1940, the Vichy French government adopted a policy of collaboration in hopes for German concessions allowing repatriation. The Germans nevertheless deferred the return of prisoners until the negoti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French West Africa
French West Africa (, ) was a federation of eight French colonial empires#Second French colonial empire, French colonial territories in West Africa: Colonial Mauritania, Mauritania, French Senegal, Senegal, French Sudan (now Mali), French Guinea (now Guinea), French Ivory Coast, Ivory Coast, French Upper Volta, Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso), French Dahomey, Dahomey (now Benin) and Colony of Niger, Niger. The federation existed from 1895 until 1958. Its capital was Saint-Louis, Senegal, Saint-Louis in Senegal until 1902, and then Dakar until the federation's collapse in 1960. With an area of 4,689,000 km2, French West Africa was eight times the size of Metropolitan France. French Equatorial Africa had an additional area of 2,500,000 km2. History Until after World War II, almost none of the Africans living in the colonies of France were citizens of France. Rather, they were "French subjects," lacking rights before the law, property ownership rights, rights to travel, dissen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gazeta Wyborcza
(; ''The Electoral Gazette'' in English) is a Polish nationwide daily newspaper based in Warsaw, Poland. It was launched on 8 May 1989 on the basis of the Polish Round Table Agreement and as a press organ of the Solidarity (Polish trade union), trade union "Solidarity" in the election campaign before the Contract Sejm. Initially created to cover Poland's first partially free parliamentary elections, it rapidly grew into a major publication, reaching a circulation of over 500,000 copies at its peak in the 1990s. It is published by Agora (company), Agora, with its original editor-in-chief Adam Michnik, appointed by Lech Wałęsa, is one of Poland's newspaper of record, newspapers of record, covering the gamut of political, international and general news from a Leftism, left-Liberalism, liberal perspective. ''Gazeta Wyborcza'' also publishes thematic supplements addressing topics such as economy, law, education, and health, including ''Duży Format'', ''Co Jest Grane 24'', and ''Wys ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Expressway S7 (Poland)
Expressway S7 or express road S7 () is a Polish highway which has been planned to run from Gdańsk on the Baltic coast through Elbląg, Warsaw, Radom, Kielce and Kraków to Rabka near the border with Slovakia. It is being constructed partially by upgrading national road 7 and partially on a new alignment. The construction is co-financed by the European Union funding. The total planned length of S7 is , of which has been built and further is under construction as of December 2024. Route The section between Gdańsk and Płońsk (275 km) is completed. From Płońsk to Warsaw (59 km) a dual-carriageway national road 7 from the 1970s (with traffic lights and pedestrian crossings) is used for traffic, and it is partially under reconstruction into S7. Since July 2024, the 2+2 profile (two lanes per each direction) is provided on whole length of the reconstruction site. In Warsaw, S7 has partial concurrency with S2 and S8. From Warsaw to Kraków (276 km) the expressway is ope ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mass Grave
A mass grave is a grave containing multiple human corpses, which may or may Unidentified decedent, not be identified prior to burial. The United Nations has defined a criminal mass grave as a burial site containing three or more victims of execution, although an exact definition is not unanimously agreed upon. Mass graves are usually created after many people die or are killed, and there is a desire to bury the corpses quickly for sanitation concerns. Although mass graves can be used during major conflicts such as war and crime, in modern times they may be used after a famine, epidemic, or natural disaster. In disasters, mass graves are used for infection and disease control. In such cases, there is often a breakdown of the social infrastructure that would enable proper identification and disposal of individual bodies. Background Definitions Many different definitions have been given. The Bournemouth Protocol on Mass Grave Protection and Investigation focuses on circumstan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maria Irena Mileska
Maria Irena Mileska (maiden name ''Książek''), pseudonym Jaga (17 November 1908 in Kraków – 19 September 1988 in Kraków) was a Polish educator, lieutenant of the underground Polish Home Army, scoutmaster and doctor of geography. She was a war resister during World War II, took part in the 1944 Warsaw Uprising. She was interred in German prisoner-of-war camps and became commander of the women imprisoned with her there. Biography Mileska passed her final exams in May 1927 and graduated from the Queen Wanda State Girls' High School in Kraków. In 1932, she graduated in geography from Jagiellonian University and became a teacher. She joined the Scouts in 1919 and became a commander of the Kraków banner for the Polish Scouting and Guiding Association (Związek Harcerstwa Polskiego ( ZHP)). In addition, she was an member of the Polish Tatra Society. In 1933, she married the lawyer Witold Mileski, but in January 1940, he was arrested by the German Gestapo and disappeared, ap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Typhoid
Typhoid fever, also known simply as typhoid, is a disease caused by ''Salmonella enterica'' serotype Typhi bacteria, also called ''Salmonella'' Typhi. Symptoms vary from mild to severe, and usually begin six to 30 days after exposure. Often there is a gradual onset of a high fever over several days. This is commonly accompanied by weakness, abdominal pain, constipation, headaches, and mild vomiting. Some people develop a skin rash with rose spots, rose colored spots. In severe cases, people may experience confusion. Without treatment, symptoms may last weeks or months. Diarrhea may be severe, but is uncommon. Other people may carry it without being affected, but are still contagious. Typhoid fever is a type of enteric fever, along with paratyphoid fever. ''Salmonella enterica'' Typhi is believed to infect and replicate only within humans. Typhoid is caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, ''Salmonella enterica'' subsp. ''enterica'' serovar Typhi growing in t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
German Atrocities Committed Against Soviet Prisoners Of War
During World War II, Soviet prisoners of war (POWs) held by Nazi Germany and primarily in the custody of the German Army were starved and subjected to deadly conditions. Of nearly six million who were captured, around three million died during their imprisonment. In June 1941, Germany and its allies invaded the Soviet Union and carried out a war of extermination with complete disregard for the laws and customs of war. Among the criminal orders issued before the invasion was for the execution of captured Soviet commissars and disregard for Germany's legal obligations under the 1929 Geneva Convention. By the end of 1941, over 3 million Soviet soldiers had been captured, mostly in large-scale encirclement operations during the German Army's rapid advance. Two-thirds of them had died from starvation, exposure, and disease by early 1942. This is one of the highest sustained death rates for any mass atrocity in history. Soviet Jews, political commissars, and some officers, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serbs
The Serbs ( sr-Cyr, Срби, Srbi, ) are a South Slavs, South Slavic ethnic group native to Southeastern Europe who share a common Serbian Cultural heritage, ancestry, Culture of Serbia, culture, History of Serbia, history, and Serbian language, language. They primarily live in Serbia, Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro as well as in North Macedonia, Slovenia, Germany and Austria. They also constitute a significant diaspora with several communities across Europe, the Americas and Oceania. The Serbs share many cultural traits with the rest of the peoples of Southeast Europe. They are predominantly Eastern Orthodoxy, Eastern Orthodox Christians by religion. The Serbian language, Serbian language (a standardized version of Serbo-Croatian) is official in Serbia, co-official in Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and is spoken by the plurality in Montenegro. Ethnology The identity of Serbs is rooted in Eastern Orthodoxy and traditions. In the 19th century, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Italians
Italians (, ) are a European peoples, European ethnic group native to the Italian geographical region. Italians share a common Italian culture, culture, History of Italy, history, Cultural heritage, ancestry and Italian language, language. Their predecessors differ regionally, but generally include populations such as the Etruscan civilization, Etruscans, Rhaetians, Ligurians, Adriatic Veneti, Magna Graecia, Ancient Greeks and Italic peoples, including Latins (Italic tribe), Latins, from which Roman people, Romans emerged and helped create and evolve the modern Italian identity. Legally, Italian nationality law, Italian nationals are citizens of Italy, regardless of ancestry or nation of residence (in effect, however, Italian nationality law, Italian nationality is largely based on ''jus sanguinis'') and may be distinguished from ethnic Italians in general or from people of Italian descent without Italian citizenship and ethnic Italians living in territories adjacent to the I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Belgians
Belgians ( ; ; ) are people identified with the Kingdom of Belgium, a federal state in Western Europe. As Belgium is a multinational state, this connection may be residential, legal, historical, or cultural rather than ethnic. The majority of Belgians, however, belong to two distinct linguistic groups or ''communities'' (; ) native to the country, i.e. its historical regions: Flemings in Flanders, who speak Dutch, West Flemish and Limburgish; and Walloons in Wallonia, who speak French or Walloon. There is also a substantial Belgian diaspora, which has settled primarily in the United States, Canada, France, and the Netherlands. Etymology The 1830 revolution led to the establishment of an independent country under a provisional government and a national congress. The name "Belgium" was adopted for the country, the word being derived from '' Gallia Belgica'', a Roman province in the northernmost part of Gaul that, before Roman invasion in 100 BC, was inhabi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
