|
Stadelheim Prison
Stadelheim Prison (), in Munich's Giesing district, is one of the largest Prisons in Germany, prisons in Germany. Founded in 1894, it was the site of many executions, particularly by guillotine during the Nazi period. Notable inmates *Ludwig Thoma, served a six-week prison sentence in 1906 for insulting the morality associations. *Kurt Eisner, after the January strike, imprisoned from summer until 14 October 1918. *Anton Graf von Arco auf Valley, the assassin of Kurt Eisner, Minister President of Bavaria. He served his sentence in cell 70, and in 1924 was evicted from his cell to make way for Adolf Hitler. *Gustav Landauer, killed on 2 May 1919. *Eugen Leviné, killed on 5 July 1919. *Ernst Toller, imprisoned, 1919–1924. *Adolf Hitler, imprisoned for a month in 1922 for assaulting Otto Ballerstedt. *Ernst Röhm imprisoned before his execution during the Night of the Long Knives. The SA-''Stabschef'' (Chief of Staff), he was shot on 1 July 1934 in cell 70. *Peter von Heydebreck, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Munich
Munich is the capital and most populous city of Bavaria, Germany. As of 30 November 2024, its population was 1,604,384, making it the third-largest city in Germany after Berlin and Hamburg. Munich is the largest city in Germany that is not a state of its own. It ranks as the 11th-largest city in the European Union. The metropolitan area has around 3 million inhabitants, and the broader Munich Metropolitan Region is home to about 6.2 million people. It is the List of EU metropolitan regions by GDP#2021 ranking of top four German metropolitan regions, third largest metropolitan region by GDP in the European Union. Munich is located on the river Isar north of the Alps. It is the seat of the Upper Bavaria, Upper Bavarian administrative region. With 4,500 people per km2, Munich is Germany's most densely populated municipality. It is also the second-largest city in the Bavarian language, Bavarian dialect area after Vienna. The first record of Munich dates to 1158. The city ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Night Of The Long Knives
The Night of the Long Knives (, ), also called the Röhm purge or Operation Hummingbird (), was a purge that took place in Nazi Germany from 30 June to 2 July 1934. Chancellor Adolf Hitler, urged on by Hermann Göring and Heinrich Himmler, ordered a series of political extrajudicial executions intended to consolidate his power and alleviate the concerns of the German military about the role of Ernst Röhm and the ''Sturmabteilung'' (SA), the Nazis' paramilitary organization, known colloquially as "Brownshirts". Nazi propaganda presented the murders as a preventive measure against an alleged imminent coup by the SA under Röhm – the so-called ''Röhm Putsch''. The primary instruments of Hitler's action were the ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS) paramilitary force under Himmler and its Security Service (SD), and Gestapo (secret police) under Reinhard Heydrich, which between them carried out most of the killings. Göring's personal police battalion also took part. Many of those killed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christoph Probst
Christoph Ananda Probst (6 November 1919 – 22 February 1943) was a German student of medicine and member of the White Rose (''Weiße Rose'') resistance group. Early life Probst was born in Murnau am Staffelsee. His father, Hermann Probst, a private scholar and Sanskrit researcher, fostered contacts with artists who were deemed by the Nazis to be "decadent". After Hermann's first marriage with Karin Katharina Kleeblatt, Christoph's mother, broke up in 1919, he married Elise Jaffée, who was Jewish. Christoph's sister, Angelika, remembers that her brother was strongly critical of Nazi ideas that violated human dignity. Soon after his second marriage, Hermann Probst, who suffered from depression, committed suicide. How this affected Christoph is unknown, but it evidently contributed to his contempt for Nazi ideology. Probst attended boarding school at Marquartstein and Landheim Schondorf. It was here that he met Alexander Schmorell, who soon became his best friend. The bo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adele Stürzl
Adele Stürzl (November 23, 1892 – June 30, 1944) was an Austrian communist and resistance fighter against National Socialism. Life Stürzl was born in Vienna, her parents were originally from South Bohemia near Znojmo. She worked as a maid in her youth. In Vienna she came into contact with the Social Democratic workers movement. In Budapest, she met her husband. Together, the couple moved to Kufstein in Tyrol after World War I had ended in May 1918. In Kufstein, Adele Stürzl was an activist for labour rights. She managed for female workers in an arms factory to get a raise. She was an active member of the Social Democratic Party and then the Communist Party. When the Communist Party was prohibited in 1933, she was arrested for a short time. She was again arrested in 1934 and 1935. After Austria became annexed to Nazi Germany, she was active in the resistance against the regime. She collaborated with other resistance fighters around the Robert Uhrig group, they regul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sophie Scholl
Sophia Magdalena Scholl (9 May 1921 – 22 February 1943) was a German student and anti-Nazi political activist, active in the White Rose non-violent German resistance to Nazism, resistance group in Nazi Germany. Raised in a politically engaged family, Scholl initially joined the Bund Deutscher Mädel, the female branch of the Hitler Youth, but later became critical of the Nazi regime. Influenced by philosophy, theology, and the writings of Theodor Haecker, she became involved in passive resistance efforts alongside her brother, Hans Scholl, Hans, and fellow students. The White Rose distributed leaflets calling for opposition to the Nazi state, citing ethical and philosophical arguments against its policies. In February 1943, after being caught distributing leaflets at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, University of Munich, she and her brother Hans Scholl, Hans were arrested by the Gestapo, interrogated, and convicted of high treason in a show trial presided over by R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
White Rose
The White Rose (, ) was a Nonviolence, non-violent, intellectual German resistance to Nazism, resistance group in Nazi Germany which was led by five students and one professor at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, University of Munich: Willi Graf, Kurt Huber, Christoph Probst, Alexander Schmorell, Hans Scholl and Sophie Scholl. The group conducted an anonymous leaflet and graffiti campaign that called for active opposition to the Nazi regime. Their activities started in Munich on 27 June 1942; they ended with the arrest of the core group by the Gestapo on 18 February 1943. They, as well as other members and supporters of the group who carried on distributing the pamphlets, faced show trials by the Nazi People's Court (Germany), People's Court (); many of them were imprisoned and executed. Hans Fritz Scholl and Sophie Magdalena Scholl, as well as Christoph Probst were executed by guillotine four days after their arrest, on 22 February 1943. During the trial, Sophie inte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hans Scholl
Hans Fritz Scholl (; 22 September 1918 – 22 February 1943) was, along with Alexander Schmorell, one of the two founding members of the White Rose resistance movement in Nazi Germany. The principal author of the resistance movement's literature, he was found guilty of high treason for distributing anti-Nazi material and was executed by the Nazi regime in 1943 during World War II. Early life Scholl was born in Ingersheim (now a part of Crailsheim, Baden-Württemberg) on 22 September 1918 to Robert and Magdalena Scholl. His father later became the mayor of Forchtenberg am Kocher. He was the second eldest of six children. His siblings were: Inge Aicher-Scholl (1917–1998); . 6 September 1998. Archived frothe originalon 31 December 2007. Elisabeth Scholl Hartnagel (1920–2020), who married Sophie's long-term boyfriend, Fritz Hartnagel; Sophie Scholl (1921–1943); Werner Scholl (1922–1944), who served as a ''Wehrmacht'' medical officer and went missing in action ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oswald Rothaug
Oswald Rothaug (17 May 1897 – 4 December 1967) was a Nazi jurist. Life Rothaug was born in Mittelsinn, Bavaria 17 May, 1897. In June 1933, Rothaug was named a prosecutor in Nuremberg, and in April 1937, he became the regional court director in Schweinfurt and director of Nazi "special courts" or "'' Sondergerichte''" at Nuremberg. In 1938, he became a member of the German Nazi Party, though he had applied the previous year. He worked closely with the ''Sicherheitsdienst'' or intelligence apparatus of the Nazi SS.Ernst Klee: ''Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945''. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Zweite aktualisierte Auflage, Frankfurt am Main 2005, , S. 510. In 1942, he sentenced a 25-year-old Polish slave labourer to death, explaining that "the inferiority of the defendant is clear as he is a part of Polish sub-humanity". Rothaug sought after and presided over the trial of Leo Katzenberger in March 1942, ordering his execution for "racial ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Katzenberger Trial
The Katzenberger Trial was a notorious Nazi show trial. A Jewish businessman and leading member of the Nuremberg Jewish community, Lehmann (Leo) Katzenberger, was accused of having an affair with a young "Aryan" woman, and on 14 March 1942 was sentenced to death. The trial's presiding judge, Oswald Rothaug, was later tried at the Nuremberg trials (see Judges' Trial) and sentenced to life imprisonment. The Katzenberger Trial later provided a subplot in the 1961 film '' Judgment at Nuremberg''. Background Leo Katzenberger (born 28 November 1873 in Maßbach, near Bad Kissingen) and his two brothers owned a large wholesale shoe shop, as well as 30 shoe shops throughout southern Germany. Katzenberger was a leading member of the Nuremberg Jewish community, and from 1939 was chairman of the Nuremberg Jewish Cultural Organization. He had a long-standing friendship with a young photographer, Irene Seiler (née Scheffler, born 26 April 1910 in Guben), who rented rooms in an apartment house th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Obergruppenführer
(, ) was a paramilitary rank in Nazi Germany that was first created in 1932 as a rank of the ''Sturmabteilung'' (SA) and adopted by the ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS) one year later. Until April 1942, it was the highest commissioned SS rank after only . Translated as "senior group leader", the rank of was senior to '' Gruppenführer''. A similarly named rank of existed in the SA from 1929 to 1930 and as a title until 1933. In April 1942, the new rank of was created which was above and below . Creation and history The rank of was created in 1932 by Ernst Röhm and was intended as a seniormost rank of the Nazi stormtroopers for use by Röhm and his top SA generals. In its initial concept, the rank was intended to be held by members of the ''Oberste SA-Führung'' (Supreme SA Command) and also by veteran commanders of certain ''SA-Gruppen'' (SA groups). Some of the early promotions to the rank included Ernst Röhm, Viktor Lutze, Edmund Heines, August Schneidhuber, and Frit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
August Schneidhuber
Ludwig Ernst August Schneidhuber (8 May 1887 – 30 June 1934) was a German military officer and an SA-''Obergruppenführer'' in the ''Sturmabteilung'' (SA), the Nazi Party's paramilitary organization. He held several high-level SA commands and was the Police President in Munich. He was murdered along with many other SA leaders in the Night of the Long Knives. Early life and military career Schneidhuber was born in Traunstein, the son of a judicial officer. He entered the Royal Bavarian Army as an officer cadet. In March 1907 he was commissioned as a ''Leutnant'' in the Royal Bavarian 1st Foot Artillery Regiment. He married Ida Wassermann, a Jewish woman, with whom he had two daughters (born 1914 and 1919). The couple divorced in 1920. Due to her former marriage, Ida Schneidhuber was given lenient treatment during the Holocaust and survived the Theresienstadt Ghetto. During the First World War, Schneidhuber was deployed on the western front from 1914 to 1918. During the wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wilhelm Schmid (SA-Gruppenführer)
Wilhelm Schmid (3 June 1889 – 30 June 1934) was a German military officer and an SA-''Gruppenführer'' in the ''Sturmabteilung'' (SA), the Nazi Party's paramilitary organization. He held high level positions in the Supreme SA Leadership and as an SA field commander in Bavaria. From 1933 to 1934, Schmid also was a deputy of the '' Reichstag''. He was arrested and executed during the Night of the Long Knives. Early life and military career Schmid was born in Munich to a Catholic family. After attending ''Volksschule'' and graduating from the elite '' Wilhelmsgymnasium'' in Munich in 1909, he entered the Royal Bavarian Army as a ''Fahnenjunker'' (officer cadet) in the 11th Infantry Regiment. Commissioned as a ''Leutnant'' in 1911, he participated in the First World War from 1914 to 1918 with the Royal Bavarian 23rd Infantry Regiment, during which he successively served as a commander at the platoon, company and battalion levels. After the end of the war, Schmid joined the ''F ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
