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Spice (oceanography)
Spice, spiciness, or spicity, symbol τ, is a term in oceanography referring to variations in the temperature and salinity of seawater over space or time, whose combined effects leave the water's density unchanged. For a given spice, any change in temperature is offset by a change in salinity to maintain unchanged density. An increase in temperature decreases density, but an increase in salinity increases density. Such density-compensated thermohaline variability is ubiquitous in the upper ocean. Warmer, saltier water is more spicy while cooler, less salty water is more minty. For a density ratio of 1, all the thermohaline variability is spice, and there are no density fluctuations. Mathematical description The density of seawater controls much of the movement of water, or the Thermohaline circulation, thermohaline flow, in the ocean. The density of seawater is primarily determined by the temperature and salinity of that water. Changes in these two main parameters, potential ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oceanography
Oceanography (), also known as oceanology, sea science, ocean science, and marine science, is the scientific study of the ocean, including its physics, chemistry, biology, and geology. It is an Earth science, which covers a wide range of topics, including ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries; ecosystem dynamics; and plate tectonics and seabed geology. Oceanographers draw upon a wide range of disciplines to deepen their understanding of the world’s oceans, incorporating insights from astronomy, biology, chemistry, geography, geology, hydrology, meteorology and physics. History Early history Humans first acquired knowledge of the waves and currents of the seas and oceans in pre-historic times. Observations on tides were recorded by Aristotle and Strabo in 384–322 BC. Early exploration of the oceans was primarily for cartography and mainly ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TEOS-10
TEOS-10 (Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater - 2010) is the international standard for the use and calculation of the thermodynamic properties of seawater, humid air and ice. It supersedes the former standard EOS-80 (Equation of State of Seawater 1980). TEOS-10 is used by oceanographers and climate scientists to calculate and model properties of the oceans such as heat content in an internationally comparable way. History TEOS-10 was developed by thSCOR(Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research) IAPSO(International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans) Working Group 127 which was chaired by Trevor McDougall. It has been approved as the official description of the thermodynamic properties of seawater, humid air and ice in 2009 by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) and in 2011 by the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). Physical basis TEOS-10 is based on thermodynamic potentials. Fluids like humid air and liquid water in TEOS-10 a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oceanography
Oceanography (), also known as oceanology, sea science, ocean science, and marine science, is the scientific study of the ocean, including its physics, chemistry, biology, and geology. It is an Earth science, which covers a wide range of topics, including ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries; ecosystem dynamics; and plate tectonics and seabed geology. Oceanographers draw upon a wide range of disciplines to deepen their understanding of the world’s oceans, incorporating insights from astronomy, biology, chemistry, geography, geology, hydrology, meteorology and physics. History Early history Humans first acquired knowledge of the waves and currents of the seas and oceans in pre-historic times. Observations on tides were recorded by Aristotle and Strabo in 384–322 BC. Early exploration of the oceans was primarily for cartography and mainly ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stability Ratio
Stability may refer to: Mathematics *Stability theory, the study of the stability of solutions to differential equations and dynamical systems ** Asymptotic stability ** Exponential stability ** Linear stability **Lyapunov stability ** Marginal stability **Orbital stability ** Structural stability * Stability (probability), a property of probability distributions * Stability (learning theory), a property of machine learning algorithms *Stability, a property of sorting algorithms *Numerical stability, a property of numerical algorithms which describes how errors in the input data propagate through the algorithm * Stability radius, a property of continuous polynomial functions * Stable theory, concerned with the notion of stability in model theory *Stability, a property of points in geometric invariant theory * K-Stability, a stability condition for algebraic varieties. * Bridgeland stability conditions, a class of stability conditions on elements of a triangulated category. * Stabi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spiciness
Pungency ( ) is the taste of food commonly referred to as spiciness, hotness or heat, found in foods such as chili peppers. Highly pungent tastes may be experienced as unpleasant. The term piquancy ( ) is sometimes applied to foods with a lower degree of pungency that are "agreeably stimulating to the palate". Piquant ingredients include chili peppers, wasabi, horseradish and mustard. The primary substances responsible for pungent taste are capsaicin, piperine (in peppers) and allyl isothiocyanate (in radishes, mustard and wasabi). Terminology In colloquial speech, the term "pungency" can refer to any strong, sharp smell or flavor. However, in scientific speech, it refers specifically to the "hot" or "spicy" quality of chili peppers. It is the preferred term by scientists as it eliminates the ambiguity arising from use of "hot", which can also refer to temperature, and "spicy", which can also refer to spices. For instance, a pumpkin pie can be both hot (out of the oven) an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stability
Stability may refer to: Mathematics *Stability theory, the study of the stability of solutions to differential equations and dynamical systems ** Asymptotic stability ** Exponential stability ** Linear stability **Lyapunov stability ** Marginal stability **Orbital stability ** Structural stability * Stability (probability), a property of probability distributions * Stability (learning theory), a property of machine learning algorithms *Stability, a property of sorting algorithms *Numerical stability, a property of numerical algorithms which describes how errors in the input data propagate through the algorithm * Stability radius, a property of continuous polynomial functions * Stable theory, concerned with the notion of stability in model theory *Stability, a property of points in geometric invariant theory * K-Stability, a stability condition for algebraic varieties. * Bridgeland stability conditions, a class of stability conditions on elements of a triangulated category. * Stabi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isopleths
A contour line (also isoline, isopleth, isoquant or isarithm) of a function of two variables is a curve along which the function has a constant value, so that the curve joins points of equal value. It is a plane section of the three-dimensional graph of the function f(x,y) parallel to the (x,y)-plane. More generally, a contour line for a function of two variables is a curve connecting points where the function has the same particular value. In cartography, a contour line (often just called a "contour") joins points of equal elevation (height) above a given level, such as mean sea level. A contour map is a map illustrated with contour lines, for example a topographic map, which thus shows valleys and hills, and the steepness or gentleness of slopes. The contour interval of a contour map is the difference in elevation between successive contour lines. The gradient of the function is always perpendicular to the contour lines. When the lines are close together the magnitude of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isopycnal
Isopycnals are layers within the ocean that are stratified based on their densities and can be shown as a line connecting points of a specific density or potential density on a graph. Isopycnals are often displayed graphically to help visualize "layers" of the water in the ocean or gases in the atmosphere in a similar manner to how contour lines are used in topographic maps to help visualize topography. Types Oceanography Water masses in the ocean are characterized by their properties. Factors such as density, temperature, and salinity can all be used to identify these masses and their origins as well as where they are in the water column. Density plays a large role in stratifying the ocean into layers. In a body of water, as the depth increases, so does the density; water masses with the highest density are at the bottom and the lowest densities are at the top. Typically, warm freshwater is less dense than cold salty water, thus the colder water will sink below the warmer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Linearization
In mathematics, linearization (British English: linearisation) is finding the linear approximation to a function at a given point. The linear approximation of a function is the first order Taylor expansion around the point of interest. In the study of dynamical systems, linearization is a method for assessing the local stability of an equilibrium point of a system of nonlinear differential equations or discrete dynamical systems. This method is used in fields such as engineering, physics, economics, and ecology. Linearization of a function Linearizations of a function are lines—usually lines that can be used for purposes of calculation. Linearization is an effective method for approximating the output of a function y = f(x) at any x = a based on the value and slope of the function at x = b, given that f(x) is differentiable on , b/math> (or , a/math>) and that a is close to b. In short, linearization approximates the output of a function near x = a. For example, \sq ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Temperature
Temperature is a physical quantity that quantitatively expresses the attribute of hotness or coldness. Temperature is measurement, measured with a thermometer. It reflects the average kinetic energy of the vibrating and colliding atoms making up a substance. Thermometers are calibrated in various temperature scales that historically have relied on various reference points and thermometric substances for definition. The most common scales are the Celsius scale with the unit symbol °C (formerly called ''centigrade''), the Fahrenheit scale (°F), and the Kelvin scale (K), with the third being used predominantly for scientific purposes. The kelvin is one of the seven base units in the International System of Units (SI). Absolute zero, i.e., zero kelvin or −273.15 °C, is the lowest point in the thermodynamic temperature scale. Experimentally, it can be approached very closely but not actually reached, as recognized in the third law of thermodynamics. It would be impossible ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haline Contraction Coefficient
The Haline contraction coefficient, abbreviated as β, is a coefficient that describes the change in ocean density due to a salinity change, while the potential temperature and the pressure are kept constant. It is a parameter in the Equation of state, Equation Of State (EOS) of the ocean. β is also described as the saline contraction coefficient and is measured in [kg]/[g] in the EOS that describes the ocean. An example is TEOS-10. This is the thermodynamic equation of state. β is the salinity variant of the thermal expansion coefficient α, where the density changes due to a change in temperature instead of salinity. With these two coefficients, the density ratio can be calculated. This determines the contribution of the temperature and salinity to the density of a water parcel. β is called a contraction coefficient, because when salinity increases, water becomes denser, and if the temperature increases, water becomes less dense. Definition Τhe haline contraction coeff ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
