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Spectracanthicus Zuanoni
''Spectracanthicus zuanoni'' is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Xingu River basin in the state of Pará in Brazil. It is usually found in areas up to 2 m (7 ft) deep with strong currents and rocky substrates, where it is often seen hiding beneath rocks. It is known to occur individually or in groups of three, with juveniles being found alongside other loricariid species, such as ''Ancistrus ranunculus'', '' Baryancistrus xanthellus'', ''Hopliancistrus tricornis'', ''Parancistrus nudiventris'', '' Peckoltia vittata'', and its congener ''Spectracanthicus punctatissimus''. ''S. zuanoni'' is nocturnal, feeding actively on algae and periphyton at night. It reaches 12.9 cm (5.1 inches) SL, and its specific epithet, ''zuanoni'', refers to Jansen Zuanon, the first ichthyologist to collect the species. ''S. zuanoni'' appears in the aquarium trade, where it is usually referred to either as the acari bola branca or by i ...
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Species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can reproduction, produce Fertility, fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. Other ways of defining species include their karyotype, DNA sequence, morphology (biology), morphology, behaviour or ecological niche. In addition, paleontologists use the concept of the chronospecies since fossil reproduction cannot be examined. The most recent rigorous estimate for the total number of species of eukaryotes is between 8 and 8.7 million. However, only about 14% of these had been described by 2011. All species (except viruses) are given a binomial nomenclature, two-part name, a "binomial". The first part of a binomial is the genus to which the species belongs. The second part is called the specifi ...
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Parancistrus Nudiventris
''Parancistrus nudiventris'' is a species of armored catfish endemic to Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ... where it occurs in the Xingu River. This species grows to a length of SL.Rapp Py-Daniel, L.H. and J. Zuanon 200''Description of a new species of'' Parancistrus ''(Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Xingu, Brazil.'' Neotrop. Ichthyol. 3(4):571-577. References * Ancistrini Fish of South America Fish of Brazil Endemic fauna of Brazil Fish described in 2005 {{Loricariidae-stub ...
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L-number
The L-number system is a semi-scientific classification system of catfish based on photographs of shipments of tropical catfish of the family Loricariidae published by the German aquarium magazine DATZ (Die Aquarien- und Terrarienzeitschrift (The Aquarium and Terrarium Magazine)). The first L-number was published in 1988. An L-number is not a formal scientific designation, but it allows people to identify various loricariid catfish by a "common name" before the fish is officially described. When a loricariid receives an official scientific name, the L-number (or numbers) is retired; best practice is then to use the scientific name. A specific L-number classification does not guarantee a discrete species, multiple L numbers have been given to different populations of the same species. To add to the confusion, sometimes a single L-number may be used for multiple species. Additionally the aquarium magazine 'Das Aquarium' introduced a similar system using the prefix 'LDA'. L-numbe ...
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Ichthyology
Ichthyology is the branch of zoology devoted to the study of fish, including bony fish ( Osteichthyes), cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes), and jawless fish ( Agnatha). According to FishBase, 33,400 species of fish had been described as of October 2016, with approximately 250 new species described each year. Etymology The word is derived from the Greek words ἰχθύς, ''ikhthus'', meaning "fish"; and λογία, ''logia'', meaning "to study". History The study of fish dates from the Upper Paleolithic Revolution (with the advent of "high culture"). The science of ichthyology was developed in several interconnecting epochs, each with various significant advancements. The study of fish receives its origins from humans' desire to feed, clothe, and equip themselves with useful implements. According to Michael Barton, a prominent ichthyologist and professor at Centre College, "the earliest ichthyologists were '' hunters and gatherers'' who had learned how to obtain the most ...
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Periphyton
Periphyton is a complex mixture of algae, cyanobacteria, heterotrophic microbes, and detritus that is attached to submerged surfaces in most aquatic ecosystems. The related term Aufwuchs (German "surface growth" or "overgrowth") refers to the collection of small animals and plants that adhere to open surfaces in aquatic environments, such as parts of rooted plants. Periphyton serves as an important food source for invertebrates, tadpoles, and some fish. It can also absorb contaminants, removing them from the water column and limiting their movement through the environment. The periphyton is also an important indicator of water quality; responses of this community to pollutants can be measured at a variety of scales representing physiological to community-level changes. Periphyton has often been used as an experimental system in, e.g., pollution-induced community tolerance studies. Composition In both marine and freshwater environments, algae – particularly green algae and ...
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Algae
Algae ( , ; : alga ) are any of a large and diverse group of photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms. The name is an informal term for a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades. Included organisms range from unicellular microalgae, such as '' Chlorella'', '' Prototheca'' and the diatoms, to multicellular forms, such as the giant kelp, a large brown alga which may grow up to in length. Most are aquatic and lack many of the distinct cell and tissue types, such as stomata, xylem and phloem that are found in land plants. The largest and most complex marine algae are called seaweeds, while the most complex freshwater forms are the '' Charophyta'', a division of green algae which includes, for example, '' Spirogyra'' and stoneworts. Algae that are carried by water are plankton, specifically phytoplankton. Algae constitute a polyphyletic group since they do not include a common ancestor, and although their plastids seem to have a single ori ...
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Nocturnality
Nocturnality is an animal behavior characterized by being active during the night and sleeping during the day. The common adjective is "nocturnal", versus diurnal meaning the opposite. Nocturnal creatures generally have highly developed senses of hearing, smell, and specially adapted eyesight. Some animals, such as cats and ferrets, have eyes that can adapt to both low-level and bright day levels of illumination (see metaturnal). Others, such as bushbabies and (some) bats, can function only at night. Many nocturnal creatures including tarsiers and some owls have large eyes in comparison with their body size to compensate for the lower light levels at night. More specifically, they have been found to have a larger cornea relative to their eye size than diurnal creatures to increase their : in the low-light conditions. Nocturnality helps wasps, such as ''Apoica flavissima'', avoid hunting in intense sunlight. Diurnal animals, including squirrels and songbirds, are act ...
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Spectracanthicus Punctatissimus
''Spectracanthicus punctatissimus''Chamon, C.C. & Rapp Py-Daniel, L.H. (2014)Taxonomic revision of ''Spectracanthicus'' Nijssen & Isbrücker (Loricariidae: Hypostominae: Ancistrini), with description of three new species. ''Neotropical Ichthyology, 12 (1): 1-26.'' is a species of armored catfish endemic to Brazil where it is found in the Xingu River The Xingu River ( ; pt, Rio Xingu, ; Mẽbêngôkre: ''Byti'', ) is a river in north Brazil. It is a southeast tributary of the Amazon River and one of the largest clearwater rivers in the Amazon basin, accounting for about 5% of its water. ... basin. This species grows to a length of SL. References Ancistrini Fish of South America Fish of Brazil Endemic fauna of Brazil Fish described in 1881 {{Loricariidae-stub ...
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Peckoltia Vittata
''Peckoltia vittata'' is a species of catfish belonging to the subfamily Hypostominae of the family Loricariidae. Description ''P. vittata'' reaches a maximum total length of 15 cm (5.9 inches). The distinctive striped patterning sported by the species has led to it being referred to as the candy-striped pleco or the tiger pleco in the aquarium trade, although it may also be referred to by its L-number, which is L-015. Males can be distinguished from females by the presence of small teeth-like projections or odontodes along the back half of its body. Distribution ''P. vittata'' is native to South America, where it occurs in the Amazon basin. It can be found in the Amazon River itself, in addition to the Tapajós, the Madeira River, the Xingu River, the Uatumã River, the Trombetas River, the Capim River, and the Maranhão River. The species has also been reported from the Guaviare River of Colombia, although this is an unconfirmed occurrence. Ecology ''P. vittata'' is ...
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Hopliancistrus Tricornis
''Hopliancistrus tricornis'' is the only species of the genus ''Hopliancistrus'' of suckermouth armored catfish. This species reaches a length of SL. It is endemic to Brazil and can be found in the Tapajós and Xingu River basins. This species appears similar to members '' Lasiancistrus'', however it lacks the synapomorphies and has five rows of plates on the caudal peduncle instead of three like those found in ''Lasiancistrus''. It is characterized by three stout, strongly curved odontode Odontodes, or dermal teeth, are hard structures found on the external surfaces of animals or near internal openings. They consist of a soft pulp surrounded by dentine and covered by a mineralized substance such as enamel, a structure similar to th ...s on either side of the head in males. References Ancistrini Fish of South America Fish of Brazil Endemic fauna of Brazil Taxa named by Isaäc J. H. Isbrücker Taxa named by Han Nijssen Monotypic fish genera Monotypic ray-finned fi ...
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Catfish
Catfish (or catfishes; order Siluriformes or Nematognathi) are a diverse group of ray-finned fish. Named for their prominent barbels, which resemble a cat's whiskers, catfish range in size and behavior from the three largest species alive, the Mekong giant catfish from Southeast Asia, the wels catfish of Eurasia, and the piraíba of South America, to detritivores (species that eat dead material on the bottom), and even to a tiny parasitic species commonly called the candiru, ''Vandellia cirrhosa''. Neither the armour-plated types nor the naked types have scales. Despite their name, not all catfish have prominent barbels or "whiskers". Members of the Siluriformes order are defined by features of the skull and swimbladder. Catfish are of considerable commercial importance; many of the larger species are farmed or fished for food. Many of the smaller species, particularly the genus '' Corydoras'', are important in the aquarium hobby. Many catfish are nocturnal,
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Baryancistrus Xanthellus
''Baryancistrus xanthellus'' is a species of armored catfish endemic to Brazil. It is a benthic fresh water fish that lives in the Volta Grande and Xingu River, as well as the area immediately above Belo Monte falls and the Iriri River The Iriri River ( pt, Rio Iriri, ; Mẽbêngôkre: ''Kororoti'', ) is a large tributary of the Xingu River in Brazil, in the state of Pará. It is long making it the 116th longest river in the world (with Krishna River, India) and the 15th long .... It reaches a length of SL. References Ancistrini Fish of South America Fish of Brazil Endemic fauna of Brazil Fish described in 2011 {{Loricariidae-stub ...
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