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Solar Cycle 22
Solar cycle 22 was the 22nd solar cycle since 1755, when extensive recording of solar sunspot activity began. The solar cycle lasted 9.9 years, beginning in September 1986 and ending in August 1996. The maximum smoothed sunspot number observed during the solar cycle was 212.5 (November 1989), and the starting minimum was 13.5.SIDC Monthly Smoothed Sunspot Number. During the minimum transit from solar cycle 22 to 23, there were a total of 309 days with no sunspots.Spotless Days.What's Wrong with the Sun? (Nothing) more information: Spotless Days. ""Solaemon's Spotless Days Page. March 1989 geomagnetic storm During March 1989, a severe geomagnetic storm caused the collapse of Hydro-Québec's electricity transmission system. The geomagnetic storm causing this event was itself the result of a Coronal Mass Ejection on March 9, 1989. A few days before, on March 6, 1989, a very large X15 solar flare also occurred. At 2:44 am on March 13, 1989, a severe geomagnetic storm struck Earth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Solar Cycle 21
Solar cycle 21 was the 21st solar cycle since 1755, when extensive recording of solar sunspot activity began.Kane, R.P. (2002).Some Implications Using the Group Sunspot Number Reconstruction. ''Solar Physics'' 205(2), 383-401. The solar cycle lasted 10.5 years, beginning in March 1976 and ending in September 1986. The maximum smoothed sunspot number observed during the solar cycle was 232.9, in December 1979, and the starting minimum was 17.8.SIDC Monthly Smoothed Sunspot Number. During the minimum transit from solar cycle 21 to 22, there were a total of 273 days with no sunspots.Spotless Days.What's Wrong with the Sun? (Nothing) more information: Spotless Days. ""Solaemon's Spotless Days Page. The largest solar flare of this cycle (X15) occurred on July 11, 1978. This solar cycle marked the beginning of systematic monitoring of the total solar irradiance from space. Kopp, G. (2016).Magnitudes and timescales of total solar irradiance variability. ''JSWSC'' 6, A30. See also *Sol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
STS-29
STS-29 was the 28th NASA Space Shuttle mission, during which Space Shuttle ''Discovery'' inserted a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) into Earth orbit. It was the third shuttle mission following the ''Challenger'' disaster in 1986, and launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on March 13, 1989. STS-29R was the eighth flight of ''Discovery'' and the 28th Space Shuttle mission overall; its planned predecessor, STS-28, was delayed until August 1989. The mission was technically designated STS-29R as the original STS-29 designator belonged to STS-61-A, the 22nd Space Shuttle mission. Official documentation and paperwork for that mission contained the designator STS-29 when it was allocated to Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' and later as STS-30 when allocated to ''Challenger''. As STS-51-L was designated STS-33, future flights with the STS-26 through STS-33 designators would require the R in their documentation to avoid conflicts in tracking data from one mission to another ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geomagnetically Induced Current
Geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) are electrical currents induced at the Earth's surface by rapid changes in the geomagnetic field caused by space weather events. GICs can affect the normal operation of long electrical conductor systems such as Electric power transmission, electric transmission grids and buried Pipeline transport, pipelines. The geomagnetic disturbances which induce GICs include geomagnetic storms and substorms where the most severe disturbances occur at high geomagnetic latitudes. Background The Earth's magnetic field varies over a wide range of timescales. The longer-term variations, typically occurring over decades to millennia, are predominantly the result of dynamo action in the Earth's core. Geomagnetic variations on timescales of seconds to years also occur, due to dynamic processes in the ionosphere, magnetosphere and heliosphere. These changes are ultimately tied to variations associated with the solar cycle, solar activity (or sunspot) cycle and are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Public Utility
A public utility company (usually just utility) is an organization that maintains the infrastructure for a public service (often also providing a service using that infrastructure). Public utilities are subject to forms of public control and regulation ranging from local community-based groups to statewide government monopolies. Public utilities are meant to supply goods and services that are considered essential; water, gas, electricity, telephone, waste disposal, and other communication systems represent much of the public utility market. The transmission lines used in the transportation of electricity, or natural gas pipelines, have natural monopoly characteristics. A monopoly can occur when it finds the best way to minimize its costs through economies of scale to the point where other companies cannot compete with it. For example, if many companies are already offering electricity, the additional installation of a power plant will only disadvantage the consumer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
High Voltage
High voltage electricity refers to electrical potential large enough to cause injury or damage. In certain industries, ''high voltage'' refers to voltage above a certain threshold. Equipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant special safety requirements and procedures. High voltage is used in electrical power distribution, in cathode-ray tubes, to generate X-rays and particle beams, to produce electrical arcs, for ignition, in photomultiplier tubes, and in high-power amplifier vacuum tubes, as well as other industrial, military and scientific applications. Definition The numerical definition of depends on context. Two factors considered in classifying a voltage as high voltage are the possibility of causing a spark in air, and the danger of electric shock by contact or proximity. The International Electrotechnical Commission and its national counterparts ( IET, IEEE, VDE, etc.) define ''high voltage'' as above 1000 V for alternating current, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flexible AC Transmission System
In electrical engineering, a flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) is a family of power-electronic based devices designed for use on an alternating current (AC) transmission system to improve and control power flow and support voltage. FACTS devices are alternatives to traditional electric grid solutions and improvements, where building additional transmission lines or substation is not economically or logistically viable. In general, FACTS devices improve power and voltage in three different ways: shunt compensation of voltage (replacing the function of capacitors or inductors), series compensation of impedance (replacing series capacitors) or phase-angle compensation (replacing generator droop-control or phase-shifting transformers). While other traditional equipment can accomplish all of this, FACTS devices utilize power electronics that are fast enough to switch sub-cycle opposed to seconds or minutes. Most FACTS devices are also dynamic and can suppo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Power Outage
A power outage, also called a blackout, a power failure, a power blackout, a power loss, a power cut, or a power out is the complete loss of the electrical power network supply to an end user. There are many causes of power failures in an electricity network. Examples of these causes include faults at power stations, damage to Electric power transmission, electric transmission lines, Electrical substation, substations or other parts of the electricity distribution, distribution system, a short circuit, Cascading failure#Cascading failure in power transmission, cascading failure, fuse (electrical), fuse or circuit breaker operation. Power failures are particularly critical at sites where the environment and public safety are at risk. Institutions such as hospitals, Sewage Treatment, sewage treatment plants, and mining, mines will usually have backup power sources such as emergency power system, standby generators, which will automatically start up when electrical power is lost ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quebec
Quebec is Canada's List of Canadian provinces and territories by area, largest province by area. Located in Central Canada, the province shares borders with the provinces of Ontario to the west, Newfoundland and Labrador to the northeast, New Brunswick to the southeast and a coastal border with the territory of Nunavut. In the south, it shares a border with the United States. Between 1534 and 1763, what is now Quebec was the List of French possessions and colonies, French colony of ''Canada (New France), Canada'' and was the most developed colony in New France. Following the Seven Years' War, ''Canada'' became a Territorial evolution of the British Empire#List of territories that were once a part of the British Empire, British colony, first as the Province of Quebec (1763–1791), Province of Quebec (1763–1791), then Lower Canada (1791–1841), and lastly part of the Province of Canada (1841–1867) as a result of the Lower Canada Rebellion. It was Canadian Confederation, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
James Bay Project
The James Bay Project () involves the construction of a series of hydroelectricity, hydroelectric power stations on the La Grande River in northwestern Quebec, Canada by government-owned corporation, state-owned public utility, utility Hydro-Québec, and the diversion of neighbouring rivers into the La Grande Drainage basin, watershed. It is located between James Bay to the west and Labrador to the east, and its waters flow from the Laurentian Plateau of the Canadian Shield. The project is one of the largest hydroelectric systems in the world. It has cost upwards of US$20 billion to build and has an installed generating capacity of 15.244 Gigawatt, GW, at the cost of 7,000 square miles of Cree hunting lands. It has been built since 1974 by James Bay Energy () for Hydro-Québec. Construction costs of the project's first phase in ≈ 1971 amounted to $13.7 billion (1987 Canadian dollars). The eight power stations of the La Grande Complex generate an average of 9.5 GW, enough to meet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Canadian Shield
The Canadian Shield ( ), also called the Laurentian Shield or the Laurentian Plateau, is a geologic shield, a large area of exposed Precambrian igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks. It forms the North American Craton (or Laurentia), the ancient geologic core of the North American continent. Glaciation has left the area with only a thin layer of soil, through which exposures of igneous bedrock resulting from its long volcanic history are frequently visible. As a deep, common, joined bedrock region in eastern and central Canada, the shield stretches north from the Great Lakes to the Arctic Ocean, covering over half of Canada and most of Greenland; it also extends south into the northern reaches of the continental United States. Geographical extent The Canadian Shield is a physiographic division comprising four smaller physiographic provinces: the Laurentian Upland, Kazan Region, Davis and James. The shield extends into the United States as the Adirondack Mountains ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydro-Québec
Hydro-Québec () is a Canadian Crown corporations of Canada#Quebec, Crown corporation public utility headquartered in Montreal, Quebec. It manages the electricity generation, generation, electric power transmission, transmission and electricity distribution, distribution of electricity in Quebec, as well as the export of power to portions of the Northeast United States. More than 40 percent of Canada’s water resources are in Quebec and Hydro-Québec is among the largest hydropower producer in the world. It was established as a Crown corporation by the government of Quebec in 1944 from the expropriation of private firms. This was followed by massive investment in hydro-electric projects like the James Bay Project. Today, with 63 hydroelectricity, hydroelectric power stations, the combined output capacity is 37,370 megawatts. Extra power is exported from the province and Hydro-Québec supplies 10 per cent of New England's power requirements. The company logo, a stylized "Q" fash ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circuit Breaker
A circuit breaker is an electrical safety device designed to protect an Electrical network, electrical circuit from damage caused by current in excess of that which the equipment can safely carry (overcurrent). Its basic function is to interrupt current flow to protect equipment and to prevent fire. Unlike a fuse (electrical), fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are commonly installed in distribution boards. Apart from its safety purpose, a circuit breaker is also often used as a main switch to manually disconnect ("rack out") and connect ("rack in") electrical power to a whole electrical sub-network. Circuit breakers are made in varying current ratings, from devices that protect low-current circuits or individual household appliances, to switchgear designed to protect high voltage, high-voltage circuits feeding an entire city. Any device which pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
