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Soetran
Soetran (5 April 19211 July 1987) was an Indonesian military officer and politician who served as the Regent of Trenggalek Regency, Trenggalek from 1968 until 1975 and as the Governor of Western New Guinea, Irian Jaya from 1975 to 1981. Born in Sidoarjo Regency, Sidoarjo, Soetran dropped out of elementary school and settled down to become a soldier. He joined the Defenders of the Homeland in 1942 with the rank of ''budancho.'' He was later transferred to Merauke and Trenggalek as a commander. Soetran became the regent of Trenggalek in 1968. His leadership in the region was characterized by his Command Economy, command approach. He managed to transform the region into a center of clove production. He also enacted the ''tembokisasi'' (construction of walls) and reforestation in the region in an attempt to increase the Standard of living, standards of living. He was elected to a second term in 1973, and the region received an award as the best-performing region in 1974. For his ac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Izaac Hindom
Izaac Hindom (23 December 193411 March 2009) was an Indonesian bureaucrat and politician who served as the governor of Irian Jaya (now Papua (province), Papua) from 1982 until 1988. Born in Fak-Fak, Hindom began his education at a Dutch school for native Papuans and ended it in a school for Papuan civil servants. Hindom worked at various civil servant posts during the Netherlands New Guinea era and unsuccessfully ran for a seat in the New Guinea Council. After Indonesia annexed Netherlands New Guinea, Hindom was appointed as a member of the Daily Governance Body in 1965. He was twice elected as a member of the People's Representative Council in 1971 and 1977. He ended short his second term in the council after being appointed as vice governor on 22 November 1980 and became governor two years later on 4 August 1982 after his predecessor's death. During his tenure, he planned a massive transmigration program, which would resettle more than half a million transmigrants to the provin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Defenders Of The Homeland
The Defenders of the Homeland (; , PETA) was a volunteer army established on 3 October 1943 in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) by the occupying Japanese. The Japanese intended PETA to assist their forces in opposing a possible invasion by the Allies. By the end of World War II, there were a total of 69 battalions () in Java, Madura, and Bali (around 37,000 men) and Sumatra (approximately 20,000 men). On 17 August 1945, the day after the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, the Japanese ordered the PETA to surrender and hand over their weapons, which most of them did. Indonesia's inaugural President, Sukarno, supported the dissolution rather than turning the organisation into a national army as he feared allegations of collaboration had he allowed a Japanese-created militia to continue to exist.Ricklefs (1981), p. 194Sunhaussen (1982), pp. 2–4Bachtiar(1988), p. 12 During the Indonesian War of Independence, former PETA officers and troops, such as Suharto a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Busiri Suryowinoto
Busiri Suryowinoto (24 November 19264 August 1982) was an Indonesian military officer and politician who served as the Indonesian ambassador to Papua New Guinea from 1977 until 1980, and as the governor of Irian Jaya from 1981 until 1982. Early life, education, and career Busiri was born on 24 November 1926 in Batu Marmar, Pamekasan, Madura. Busiri enrolled at the Social and Political Faculty of the Jayabaya University. He graduated with a doctoral degree on 30 July 1977, with a thesis titled ''Development of the Free and Active Foreign Politics of Indonesia'' (Perkembangan Politik Luar Negeri R.I., yang Bebas dan Aktif). Busiri was appointed the Secretary General of the Department of Labor and Transmigration. Indonesian Ambassador to Papua New Guinea On 14 December 1977, Busiri was inaugurated as the Indonesian ambassador to Papua New Guinea by President Suharto, replacing Rudjito. In the midst of June, there were reports that about 100 troops of the Indonesian army cro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blindness
Visual or vision impairment (VI or VIP) is the partial or total inability of visual perception. In the absence of treatment such as corrective eyewear, assistive devices, and medical treatment, visual impairment may cause the individual difficulties with normal daily tasks, including reading and walking. The terms ''low vision'' and ''blindness'' are often used for levels of impairment which are difficult or impossible to correct and significantly impact daily life. In addition to the various permanent conditions, fleeting temporary vision impairment, amaurosis fugax, may occur, and may indicate serious medical problems. The most common causes of visual impairment globally are uncorrected refractive errors (43%), cataracts (33%), and glaucoma (2%). Refractive errors include near-sightedness, far-sightedness, presbyopia, and astigmatism (eye), astigmatism. Cataracts are the most common cause of blindness. Other disorders that may cause visual problems include age-related macular ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1976 Papua Earthquake
The 1976 Papua earthquake occurred on 26 June with a surface-wave magnitude of 7.1 in Yahukimo Regency near the border with Pegunungan Bintang Regency, Highland Papua (then Irian Jaya), Indonesia. Total deaths for the event amounted to 422, including 70 who died in subsequent landslides. Background Indonesia lies within the Pacific Ring of Fire, a sector of the Pacific where several tectonic plates intersect. This movement between the plates results in extremely high volcanic and seismic activity. Papua is constantly plagued by landslides. Damage and casualties Directly after the earthquake the casualty count was assessed as 350 dead. However, landslides soon occurred in the affected area, leading to 72 more casualties, and 5,000–9,000 were missing and assumed dead after the landslides. A total of six villages were demolished in the area. The west sector of Irian and eastern New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; , fossilized , also known as Papua o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1981 Irian Jaya Earthquake
Shortly after midnight local time on January 20 (January 19, UTC), 1981, eastern Indonesia was struck by an earthquake known as the 1981 Irian Jaya earthquake. Registering a moment magnitude of 6.7, it killed more than 300 people, damaging structures and buildings across the Irian Jaya province. Indonesia is highly active in terms of seismicity and volcanic eruptions, with a subduction zone and many faults. It is neighbored by several tectonic plates. Such earthquakes pose a significant threat to life in the area through earthquakes and also tsunamis. Geology Indonesia, one of the most seismically active places in the world, hosts hundreds of islands, many with volcanoes. It is an island arc, composed by a subduction zone (in the Sunda Trench) and islands. Unlike most subduction zones, the Sunda Trench is parallel to the chain of islands to which it corresponds, creating strike-slip faulting. Indonesia itself is surrounded by multiple tectonic plates – namely the Pacific, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
East Java
East Java (, , ) is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia located in the easternmost third of Java island. It has a land border only with the province of Central Java to the west; the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean border its northern and southern coasts, respectively, while the narrow Bali Strait to the east separates Java from Bali by around . Located in eastern Java (island), Java, the province also includes the island of Madura Island, Madura (which is connected to Java by the longest bridge in Indonesia, the Suramadu Bridge), as well as the Kangean Islands, Kangean islands and other smaller island groups located further east (in the northern Bali Sea) and the Masalembu Islands, Masalembu archipelago to the north. Its capital is Surabaya, the Largest cities in Indonesia, second largest city in Indonesia, a major industrial center and also a major business center. Banyuwangi is the largest regency in East Java and the largest on the island of Java. The province cover ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Working Class
The working class is a subset of employees who are compensated with wage or salary-based contracts, whose exact membership varies from definition to definition. Members of the working class rely primarily upon earnings from wage labour. Most common definitions of "working class" in use in the United States limit its membership to workers who hold blue-collar and pink-collar jobs, or whose income is insufficiently high to place them in the middle class, or both. However, socialists define "working class" to include all workers who fall into the category of requiring income from wage labour to subsist; thus, this definition can include almost all of the working population of industrialized economies. Definitions As with many terms describing social class, ''working class'' is defined and used in different ways. One definition used by many socialists is that the working class includes all those who have nothing to sell but their labour, a group otherwise referred to as the p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ludruk
''Ludruk'' is one of the theatrical genres in East Java. It is a form of traditional performance presented by a troupe of actors (or comedians) on a stage, re-telling the life stories of everyday people and their struggles. Its origin is unclear, but it is believed to be dated as far back as the 13th century. The dialogue or monologue in ''ludruk'' is mostly comedic. The actors would almost always use the Surabaya dialect of Javanese language, although sometimes there can be occasional guest stars from other areas, such as Jombang, Malang, Madura, and Madiun, each of whom would use their own dialect. Despite the fact that many different dialects are employed in one performance, as a whole, ''ludruk'' is a simple and straightforward comedy, making ludruk easily understood by everyone. It is occasionally interspersed with jokes and accompanied by gamelan to form a musical performance. A typical ''ludruk'' performance begins with a performance of ''Remo'' dance and followed by a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elementary School
A primary school (in Ireland, India, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, South Africa, and Singapore), elementary school, or grade school (in North America and the Philippines) is a school for primary education of children who are 4 to 10 years of age (and in many cases, 11 years of age). Primary schooling follows preschool and precedes secondary schooling. The International Standard Classification of Education considers primary education as a single phase where programmes are typically designed to provide fundamental skills in reading, writing, and mathematics and to establish a solid foundation for learning. This is ISCED Level 1: Primary education or first stage of basic education.Annex III in the ISCED 2011 English.pdf Navigate to International St ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reforestation
Reforestation is the practice of restoring previously existing forests and woodlands that have been destroyed or damaged. The prior forest destruction might have happened through deforestation, clearcutting or wildfires. Three important purposes of reforestation programs are for harvesting of wood, for climate change mitigation, and for ecosystem and habitat restoration purposes. One method of reforestation is to establish tree plantations, also called plantation forests. They cover about 131 million ha worldwide, which is 3% of the global forest area and 45% of the total area of planted forests. Globally, planted forests increased from 4.1% to 7.0% of the total forest area between 1990 and 2015. Plantation forests made up 280 million ha (hectare) in 2015, an increase of about 40 million ha in the previous ten years. Of the planted forests worldwide, 18% of that area consists of exotic or introduced species while the rest consist of species native to the country where they are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
