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Slow Fire
A slow fire is a term used in library and information science to describe paper embrittlement resulting from acid decay. The term is taken from the title of Terry Sanders's 1987 film ''Slow Fires: On the preservation of the human record.'' Solutions to this problem include the use of acid-free paper stocks, format shifting brittle books by microfilming, photocopying or digitization, and a variety of deacidification techniques. See also * Acidic paper *Acid-free paper * Double Fold * Wood-pulp paper *Preservation (library and archive) In conservation, library and archival science, preservation is a set of preventive conservation activities aimed at prolonging the life of a record, book, or object while making as few changes as possible. Preservation activities vary widely an ... References External links ''International Journal of Library Science '' [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Book Suffering From Slow Fire
A book is a structured presentation of recorded information, primarily verbal and graphical, through a medium. Originally physical, electronic books and audiobooks are now existent. Physical books are objects that contain printed material, mostly of writing and images. Modern books are typically composed of many pages bound together and protected by a cover, what is known as the ''codex'' format; older formats include the scroll and the tablet. As a conceptual object, a ''book'' often refers to a written work of substantial length by one or more authors, which may also be distributed digitally as an electronic book (ebook). These kinds of works can be broadly classified into fiction (containing invented content, often narratives) and non-fiction (containing content intended as factual truth). But a physical book may not contain a written work: for example, it may contain ''only'' drawings, engravings, photographs, sheet music, puzzles, or removable content like paper dolls ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Library And Information Science
Library and information science (LIS)Library and Information Sciences is the name used in the Dewey Decimal Classification for class 20 from the 18th edition (1971) to the 22nd edition (2003). are two interconnected disciplines that deal with information management. This includes organization, access, collection, and regulation of information, both in physical and digital forms.Coleman, A. (2002)Interdisciplinarity: The Road Ahead for Education in Digital Libraries D-Lib Magazine, 8:8/9 (July/August). Library science and information science are two original disciplines; however, they are within the same field of study. Library science is applied information science. Library science is both an application and a subfield of information science. Due to the strong connection, sometimes the two terms are used synonymously. Definition Library science (previously termed library studies and library economy) is an interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary field that applies the practices, p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paper
Paper is a thin sheet material produced by mechanically or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, Textile, rags, poaceae, grasses, Feces#Other uses, herbivore dung, or other vegetable sources in water. Once the water is drained through a fine mesh leaving the fibre evenly distributed on the surface, it can be pressed and dried. The papermaking process developed in east Asia, probably China, at least as early as 105 Common Era, CE, by the Han Dynasty, Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BCE in China. Although paper was originally made in single sheets by hand, today it is mass-produced on large machines—some making reels 10 metres wide, running at 2,000 metres per minute and up to 600,000 tonnes a year. It is a versatile material with many uses, including printing, painting, graphics, signage, design, packaging, decorating, writing, and Housekeeping, cleaning. It may also be used a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Terry Sanders
Terry Sanders (born December 20, 1931) is an American filmmaker having produced and/or directed more than 70 dramatic features, televisions specials, documentaries and portrait films. Career Sanders co-heads the American Film Foundation and has produced and photographed the Oscar-winning dramatic short '' A Time Out of War''. He was second unit director of the night scenes in '' Night of the Hunter''. He received an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature for '' Maya Lin: A Strong Clear Vision''. He also produced and co-directed '' Crime & Punishment, USA'' with his now-deceased brother, Denis Sanders. He worked as a producer-director for Davd Wolper Productions. Personal He is the son of sculptor and designer Altina Schinasi. Filmography *'' Liza, Liza, Skies are Grey'' 2017 *''The Eyes of Don Bachardy'' *'' Return with Honor'', presented by Tom Hanks *''Into the Future: On the Preservation of Knowledge in the Electronic Age'', 1997, narrated by Robert MacNeil ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acid-free Paper
Acid-free paper is paper that, if infused in water, yields a neutral or basic pH (7 or slightly greater). It can be made from any cellulose fiber as long as the active acid pulp is eliminated during processing. It is also lignin- and sulfur-free. Acid-free paper addresses the problem of preserving documents and preserving artwork for long periods. Overview Paper made from wood-based pulp that has not had its lignin removed turns yellow, becomes brittle and deteriorates. When exposed to light and/or heat, the molecules in the acidic paper will break down faster. Acidic wood-pulp paper became commonplace in the late 19th century, and in the 1930s. William Barrow (a chemist and librarian) published a report about the deterioration of acidic paper in the libraries. For fear of the gradual disintegration of written materials, measures have since been taken to improve the quality of paper. During production, acid-free paper may be treated with a mild base (usually calcium or m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Format Shifting
Format shifting is the conversion of media files into different file format or data compression (video coding format and audio coding format). This may be required to play the media on different devices, for example when converting or ripping audio files on CDs into digital formats such as MP3. Other media shifting processes include time shifting (also known as place shifting), a process whereby a radio or television broadcast is recorded to disk storage and played back at a different time, and space shifting where media is stored on one device and can be accessed from another place through another device which is normally located at another location. Archiving and preservation Format shifting is central to preservation and archiving, particularly for sound recordings and films. In addition to efforts to preserve works created in deteriorating formats format shifting is also necessary to keep works accessible. As technology develops the technical formats get outdated and the tec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mass Deacidification
Mass deacidification is a term used in library and information science as one possible measure against the degradation of paper in old books, the so-called " slow fires". The goal of the process is to increase the pH of acidic paper. Although acid-free paper has become more common, a large body of acidic paper still exists in books made after the 1850s; this is because of its cheaper and simpler production methods. Acidic paper, especially when exposed to light, air pollution, or high relative humidity, yellows and becomes brittle over time. During mass deacidification an alkaline agent is deposited in the paper to neutralize existing acid and prevent further decay. Mass deacidification is intended for objects on acidic paper that will be lost if no action is performed. History of research and process development Mass deacidification—along with microfilm and lamination—was developed during the early and mid-20th century as a response to the chemical process of hydrolysis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acidic Paper
Acidic paper is paper which was manufactured using acidic substances. Widely used since the mid-nineteenth century, its pages become yellow within years, extremely brittle over decades, and eventually unreadable in the library and archive collections intended to preserve them. This process has been called " slow fire". Causes of paper degradation In the mid-nineteenth century, a method of paper production became popular in which resin-alum glue was added to the paper pulp, and the aluminum sulphate remaining in the paper, in reaction with water, forms acids. The long chains of plant cellulose, the structural material of paper, naturally decompose upon exposure to air, but this process is greatly accelerated by acids, which catalyze the decomposition (acidic hydrolysis). As the cellulose chains are cut apart, this reduces the tear resistance of the paper, and at the same time increases their cross-linking, making the paper stiff and brittle. Parallel to the degradation under th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acid-free Paper
Acid-free paper is paper that, if infused in water, yields a neutral or basic pH (7 or slightly greater). It can be made from any cellulose fiber as long as the active acid pulp is eliminated during processing. It is also lignin- and sulfur-free. Acid-free paper addresses the problem of preserving documents and preserving artwork for long periods. Overview Paper made from wood-based pulp that has not had its lignin removed turns yellow, becomes brittle and deteriorates. When exposed to light and/or heat, the molecules in the acidic paper will break down faster. Acidic wood-pulp paper became commonplace in the late 19th century, and in the 1930s. William Barrow (a chemist and librarian) published a report about the deterioration of acidic paper in the libraries. For fear of the gradual disintegration of written materials, measures have since been taken to improve the quality of paper. During production, acid-free paper may be treated with a mild base (usually calcium or m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Double Fold
''Double Fold: Libraries and the Assault on Paper'' is a non-fiction book by Nicholson Baker that was published in April 2001. An excerpt appeared in the July 24, 2000 issue of ''The New Yorker'', under the title "Deadline: The Author's Desperate Bid to Save America's Past". The work details Baker's project to uncover what happened to the thousands of books and newspapers that were replaced during the microfilming boom of the 1980s and 1990s. ''Double Fold'' has been a controversial work and Baker states in the preface that it is not meant to be objective: "This isn't an impartial piece of reporting" (p. x). ''The New York Times'' characterized the book as a "blistering, and thoroughly idiosyncratic, exposé." Overview The term " double fold" refers to the test used by many librarians and preservation administrators to determine the brittleness of paper. The test consists of folding down the corner of a page, then folding it back in the opposite direction. The action is then re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wood-pulp Paper
Pulp is a fibrous lignocellulosic material prepared by chemically, semi-chemically, or mechanically isolating the cellulosic fibers of wood, fiber crops, waste paper, or rags. Mixed with water and other chemicals or plant-based additives, pulp is the major raw material used in papermaking and the industrial production of other paper products. History Before the widely acknowledged invention of papermaking by Cai Lun in China around AD 105, paper-like writing materials such as papyrus and amate were produced by ancient civilizations using plant materials which were largely unprocessed. Strips of bark or bast material were woven together, beaten into rough sheets, dried, and polished by hand. Pulp used in modern and traditional papermaking is distinguished by the process which produces a finer, more regular slurry of cellulose fibers which are pulled out of solution by a screen and dried to form sheets or rolls. The earliest paper produced in China consisted of bast fibers f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Preservation (library And Archive)
In conservation, library and archival science, preservation is a set of preventive conservation activities aimed at prolonging the life of a record, book, or object while making as few changes as possible. Preservation activities vary widely and may include monitoring the condition of items, maintaining the temperature and humidity in collection storage areas, writing a plan in case of emergencies, digitizing items, writing relevant metadata, and increasing accessibility. Preservation, in this definition, is practiced in a library or an archive by a conservator, librarian, archivist, or other professional when they perceive a collection or record is in need of maintenance. Preservation should be distinguished from interventive conservation and restoration, which refers to the treatment and repair of individual items to slow the process of decay, or restore them to a usable state. " Preventive conservation" is used interchangeably with "preservation". Fundamentals Standard ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
